The surgical outcome of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy(PRK) depends on the accuracy of ablation and the smoothness of the surface ablated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of a new eyeball fixation device(EK fixation device). First, the PRK was done on the cornea of New Zealand white rabbit (-8 D, 5.5 mm). The surface with the device was smoother compared to that without. Second, The PRK (-4 D, 6 mm)was done on the surface of the contact lens over the cornea of human volunteers. The ablation surface with the device was smoother than that without(0.20+/-0.04 micrometer vs. 0.34 +/-0.14 micrometer, p=0.028). The epithelial healing experiment in New Zealand white rabbit after myopic PRK (-8 D, 5.5 mm)showed more rapid wound healing in the fixation group (66.49+/-0.03 micrometer/hr vs 47.93+/-1.80 micrometer/hr, p=0.0001). In conclusion, the EK fixation device during the PRK procedures creates a smoother ablation surface and enhances corneal epithelial healing, thus may be a useful clinical device.
Cornea ; Healthy Volunteers ; Lasers, Excimer ; New Zealand ; Wound Healing

In the treatment of maxillofacial injuries, proper intermaxillary fixation is very important in improving bone union and restoration of normal occlusion. The traditional methods of intermaxillary fixation consist of interdental wiring and ligating of arch bars to the teeth of each jaw. These methods have their fixation point within the tooth, which may afflict the tooth itself. The tooth ligation method is also unsatisfactory for partially or totally edentulous patients, necessitating adjunctive circumferential wiring and acrylic splint to effect fixation. Furthermore, because of excessive manipulations (about 14-20 wire) during interdental wiring, it increases the possibility of associated gingival and mucosal injuries, and infections acquired during operation due to skin punctures. The authors have devised an improved method of placing miniscrews into the maxilla and mandibular alveolar bone and using these miniscrews for points of intermaxillary fixation. This procedure has been used in 17 patients with variable mandible fracture. In these cases we obtained better results than those with teeth ligating methods. The advantages of author's method include easy placement and removal with minimal wiring, decreased operation time, decreased patient discomfort, reduced risk of tooth, periodontal tissues, and oral mucosa injuries, and reduced risk of delivering blood transmitted diseases (AIDS, hepatitis) by skin puncture. As far as the stabilization and oral hygiene are concerned, fixation method was found to be superior to tooth ligation methods. Moreover, in patients with multiple dental injuries, author's intermaxillary fixation method proved to be simple and safe. With these advantages, new intermaxillary fixation method without tooth ligation is very useful for mandibular fractures and maxillofacial operations.
Humans ; Jaw ; Ligation* ; Mandible ; Mandibular Fractures ; Maxilla ; Maxillofacial Injuries ; Mouth Mucosa ; Oral Hygiene ; Punctures ; Skin ; Splints ; Tooth*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the state of internet addiction and to investigate the relationships among internet addiction, depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents. METHOD: Participants were 1,670 high school students in an urban city. The Internet Addiction Scale was used to measure internet addiction, the DISC-MDD-SQ was used to measure depression, and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-JR was used to measure suicidal ideation. RESULT: 38.1% of participants were perceived to be in the early stages of internet addiction and 1.5% reported heavy addiction. Overall the internet addiction scale score was 37.57(+/-12.52). The differences of internet addiction in sample characteristics were found to be significant in rank in class. The differences in DISC-MDD-SQ and IAS scores among the states of internet addiction were statistically significant. The level of internet addiction correlated positively to the level of depression and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION: Based upon these findings, there were significant positive correlations among Internet addiction, depression, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. As schools are often the first line for the identification of potential life-threatening behaviors, nurses, especially school-based health professionals, need to be cognizant of measures and procedures for the assessment of Internet addiction, depression, and suicidal ideation.
Adolescent ; *Adolescent Psychology ; Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis/*psychology ; Depression/diagnosis/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; *Internet ; Male ; Suicide/*psychology

PURPOSE: Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium(INVM) can present as heart failure or arrhythmias in a child. It is a rare disorder, characterized by prominent trabecular meshwork and deep intertrabecular recesses. We still know little about the diagnosis, symptoms, and clinical outcomes of INVM. METHODS: We included in our study 6 patients who showed ventricular noncompaction on echocardiography. Patients were diagnosed as INVM were excessively prominent trabeculations with deep intertrabecular recesses were found on echocardiography. Patients who had other complex heart lesions such as pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in addition to ventricular noncompaction, were excluded. RESULTS: Age at presentation ranged from 1 day 7 years, with follow up being as long as 6 years. Symptoms at initial presentation were heart murmur, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, cyanosis, feeding intolerance, ventricular tachycardia, and cardiomegaly at fetal screening. Prominent trabeculations and intertrabecular recesses were observed at left ventricular apex in all six patients. All patients were alive at last follow-up. One patient showed WPW syndrome on electrocardiography. Echocardiography revealed decreased systolic function in 4 patients, and decreased systolic and diastolic function in 1 patient. One patient is currently asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Six patients were diagnosed with INVM with various symptoms at initial presentation. Echocardiography is the most important tool in the diagnosis of INVM due to its morphological characteristics. INVM can rarely be the cause of long term systolic dysfunction, and early detection by echocardiographic screening may be beneficial.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Cardiomegaly ; Child ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Heart Murmurs ; Humans ; Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium* ; Mass Screening ; Pulmonary Atresia ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Trabecular Meshwork ; Ventricular Septum ; Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the positive rates of screening tests for inherited metabolic disorders, set cutoff values, and report the actual status of internal quality controls in LabGenomics Clinical Laboratories by using LC-MS/MS system. METHODS: We use Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC System (Agilent Technologies, USA) for liquid chromatography, and API 2000 (AB Sciex, Canada) for MS/MS system. We set up screening tests for 55 diseases, which include metabolic disorders of 25 amino acids, 16 organic acids, and 14 fatty acids. RESULTS: We determined the analyte cutoff values as 99.9 or 0.1 percentiles in 15,000 newborn samples. The total number of samples tested from January 2012 to September 2014 was 119,948; of these, 6,681 were repeated. Of the repeated samples, 713 were presumed to be positive in the screening tests. Repeat screening with newly obtained dried blood spot specimens was recommended for these 713 samples and 600 specimens were obtained. Thus, the recall rate was 0.5% (600/119,948) for all samples and 84.2% (600/713) for the samples presumed to be positive in the screening tests. About 70 samples, that is, 0.06% of the total samples and 11.7% of the "reobtained" samples, again tested positive; we recommended confirmatory tests for these samples. CONCLUSIONS: We have presented data on the status of neonatal screening tests for inherited metabolic disorders using LC-MS/MS, including positive rates and recall rates of screening tests, set up cutoff values and reported the actual status of internal quality controls in a clinical laboratory in Korea.
Amino Acids ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Fatty Acids ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Neonatal Screening* ; Quality Control ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry*

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between the frequency of growth hormone receptor (GHR) exon 3 polymorphism (exon 3 deletion; d3-GHR) and metabolic factors in patients with acromegaly in Korea. METHODS: DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 30 unrelated patients with acromegaly. GHR genotypes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and correlated with demographic data and laboratory parameters. RESULTS: No patient had the d3/d3 genotype, while four (13.3%) had the d3/fl genotype, and 26 (86.7%) had the fl/fl genotype. Body mass index (BMI) in patients with the d3/fl genotype was significantly higher than in those with the fl/fl genotype (P=0.001). Age, gender, blood pressure, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels showed no significant differences between the two genotypes. CONCLUSION: The d3-GHR polymorphism may be associated with high BMI but not with other demographic characteristics or laboratory parameters.
Acromegaly* ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; DNA ; Exons ; Fasting ; Genotype ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Somatotropin* ; Triglycerides

Extensor muscle strengthening exercises with counterforce braces (EX) is a conventional conservative treatment for lateral epicondylitis (LE) of the elbow. In addition, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) or extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has been recently used for LE. Methods: Sixty-three patients with chronic LE participated in this study and randomly allocated in three groups (G1: EX, G2: EX+PDRN injection, and G3: EX+ESWT). All of the three groups were taught to perform EX at the first out-patient department (OPD) visit. Group 2 was injected with 3 mL PDRN (5.625 mg/3 mL), while group 3 received ESWT at the first OPD visit. Visual analog scale pain score, Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS), and ultrasonographic examination were checked before, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after the treatments. Results: Overall functional scores and ultrasonographic findings in all three groups improved after treatment. The mean MEPS in group 2 improved more than groups 1 and 3 at 6 weeks (G1, 56.9>62.4; G2, 54.3>65.0; G3, 55.7>62.6), and more than group 1 at 12 weeks (G1, 56.9>67.9; G2, 54.3>73.6). The mean common extensor tendon depth (CETD) on ultrasonography in group 2 increased more than groups 1 and 3 at 6 and 12 weeks (6 weeks: G1, 0.385>0.386; G2, 0.332>0.392; G3, 0.334>0.357; 12 weeks: G1, 0.385>0.409; G2, 0.332>0.438; G3, 0.334>0.405 [cm]). Conclusions: PDRN injections combined with EX exhibited a greater improvement in mean MEPS and mean CETD compared to EX only or EX combined with ESWT for LE within the 12 weeks follow-up.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the prognostic factors of postpsychotic depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients were selected based on the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV, PANSS and ESRS. For all patients information was collected on demographic and clinical characteristics. The subjective depressive symptoms and the objective depressive symptoms, as well as patients insight regarding psychosis were evaluated. The subjective depressive symptoms were evaluated by BDI and ZDS; the objective depressive symptoms were evaluated by HDRS and CDSS, and patient insight into the psychosis was evaluated by KISP. RESULTS: The comparisons using demographic and clinical characteristics showed that HDRS and CDSS had significant difference with regard to gender and suicide attempts; the BDI was associated with difference in education level and age of onset. The patients with scores above cuff-off score for each scale were 20 (25.0%) for the BDI, 16 (20.0%) for the ZDS, 18 (22.5%) for the CDSS and 6 (7.5%) for the HDRS. The results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the scores for the KISP, education levels, gender and suicide attempts were the main prognostic factors in patients with the psychotic depressive disorder of schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: The main prognostic factors in psychotic depressive disorder of schizophrenia included: insight into psychosis, suicidal attempts. Insight into the psychosis was the most reliable prognostic factor but this characteristic had a negative relationship to the with depressive symptoms.
Age of Onset ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder* ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Education ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia* ; Suicide

BACKGROUND: The onset of acute myocardial infarctin varies in a circadian and seasonal pattern, with a morning and winter peak. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction varies circadianly and seasonally in Korean patients. METHODS: We analyzed the time of onset of chest pain in 409 patients with myocardial infarction admitted to our hospital over the past 30 years according to a 24-hour and 12 month period. RESULTS: There notel marked circadian variations in the frequency of onset, with the primary peak from 6 a.m. to noon and the secondary peak from 6 p.m. to midnight (p<0.001). Circadian bimodal rhythmicity of myocardial infarction was demonstrated in this study. By the sex analysis, circadian variations of frequency of acute myocardial infarction were also similar to those of total patients. Interestingly, circadian variations were slightly different in the patients below 50 years of age, showing the highest frequency of onset in the time between 6 pm and midnight (p<0.062). And we also analyzed the frequency of onset of AMI by seasons. The notel a peak incidence in autumn, and followed by winter and spring. But we didn't find any statistical significance (p<0.059). However, comparing summer to other seasons, summer showed the lowest incidence of myocardial infarction with statistical significance (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ever though the study population in small, this study showed that the frequency of acute myocardial infarction had a circadian and a seasonal variation in Korean patients.
Chest Pain ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Periodicity ; Seasons*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship of neurochemical changes of brain in SCHE patients and the level of cognitive function, the authors measured hydrogen containing neurochemicals in two brain regions using 1H MRS, and compared those changes with the level of cognitive performances such as attention, visual analysis, or fine motor function. METHODS: A total of patients with liver cirrohosis were defined as SCHE, for they performed poorly(out of 1 SD of normative data) in more than one neuropsychological tests conventionally used(digit symbol and block design tests in KWIS, trail making test A and B). They were further evaluated in attentional ability and efficacy of visual analysis using Cognitrone subtest in Vienna Neurocognitive Test battery. Fine motor coordination were also measured by Grooved Pegboard test. Patients and 20 normal controls underwent proton MRS study. Proton containing neurochemicals, such as myoinositol(mI), N-acetyl-L-aspartate(NAA), creatine(Cr), choline(Cho) were measured from 2*2*2cm3 voxel of basal ganglia and parietal white matter using 1.5 tesla clinical MRI/MRS system. The ratios of above metabolites to Cr were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) Patients with SCHE showed reductions in Cho/Cr and mI/Cr in both basal ganglia and parietal white matter compared to normal subjects. 2) Performance of Grooved Pegboard test were negatively correlated with mI level of basal ganglia and with Cho level of parietal white matter(r=-0.59, p<.05). 3) Mean time of correct responses in Cognitrone test showed negative correlation with NAA level of parietal white matter(r=-0.55, p<.05). CONCLUSION: Certain neurocognitive disturbances in SCHE patients seemed to be related with neurochemical changes in basal ganglia or parietal white matter. To further elucidate the relationship of focal biochemical changes and neurocognitive deficits in SCHE patients, however, follow-up study according to the illness stage must be performed. Studies on other disorders showing similar cognitive deficit patterns would be helpful.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Hepatic Encephalopathy* ; Humans ; Hydrogen ; Liver ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Protons* ; Rabeprazole ; Trail Making Test