PURPOSE: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of career barrier, satisfaction, and career decision making pattern on career search behaviors in male nursing students. METHODS: Data were collected through structured questionnaires that included general characteristics, career barrier, satisfaction, career decision making pattern and career search behaviors and were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression using SPSS/PC+ program. RESULTS: The results of the research suggest the two aspects of career search behaviors as being self-exploration and environmental exploration. The rational pattern, among the types of satisfaction and career decision making pattern, was found to have a meaningful effect on self-expression. On the other hand, dependent pattern, among the satisfaction and career decision making pattern, was found to have an effect on career search patterns. CONCLUSION: It is considered that, based on the results of this study, diversified approaches that consider individual career decision making patterns such as rational pattern and dependent pattern as well as the methods to enhance the satisfaction of male nursing college students for career guidance are needed.
Decision Making* ; Hand ; Humans ; Male* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to examine the serial alteration of the optic nerve in chronic ischemia-induced brain injury of albino rat, which might be an experimental model of ischemia-induced optic nerve disease and vasogenic glaucoma in human. METHODS: We ligated bilateral common carotid arteries so that the brain and optic nerve had permanent ischemic injuries. Serial alteration of the optic nerve was studied on postoperative 1 day, 3 day, 5 day, 1 week, 2 week, 4 week and 9 week. After fixing the brain by perfusing formaline through the left ventiricle, we dissected the brain and optic nerve and then made specimen for Hematoxilin-Eosin (HE) stain to observe the histopathology of the optic nerve. Kluiver-Barrera (KB) stain was performed to qualify the myelin injury and optic nerve injury status. RESULTS: The HE stain specimen showed increased spaces in the nerve fiber layer and increased number of vacuoles three days after the operation. The optic neve injury became augmented with time. The KB stain showed better-defined configuration of HE stain. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to notice that optic nerve injury was induced by the bilateral common carotid ligation in this chronic ischemic experimental model, which might be an help to the studies of ischemic optic nerve disease, neurodefensive mechanism, and the hemodynamic mechanism of glaucoma in human.
Animals ; Brain ; Brain Injuries ; Carotid Arteries* ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Formaldehyde ; Glaucoma ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Ligation ; Models, Theoretical* ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Fibers ; Optic Nerve Diseases ; Optic Nerve Injuries ; Optic Nerve* ; Rats* ; Vacuoles

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of IL-10 on development of collagen-induced arthritis, on humoral and cellular immunity and on the endogenous production of IL-10 in DBA/1J mice. METHODS: DBA/1J mice were immunized with chicken type II collagen in Freund s complete adjuvant. Murine recombinant IL-10 was given intraperitoneally twice a week from the day of second immunization (week 3) in doses of 0.002ug, 0. 02ug and 0. 2ug for 3 different groups, respectively. Dexamethasone was injected in one group to suppress the arthritis development and this group was used as negative control group. Levels of anti-collagen antibodies, serum IL-10 and stimulation indices of splenic monocytes to collagen were measured at the end of study. RESULTS: The 0. 02ug IL-10 and 0. 2ug IL-10 treated groups developed earlier and more severe arthritis (week 6 and 8) compared to that of the control group while the 0. 002ug IL-10 group has shown similar course to the control group in terms of incidence and severity of arthritis, At week 10, all groups with or without IL-10 injections developed arthritis with similar degree of severity while dexamethasone group showed far less incidence and severity of arthritis. The serum levels of anti-collagen antibody, IL-10 and spleen monocyte stimulation indices to collagen antigen showed no difference among control group, IL-10 injected groups and dexamethasone injected group. CONCLUSION: This study shows IL-10 could worsen the arthritis in CIA with the dosage used in this study without significant influence on the level of anti-collagen antibodies or stimulation indices of spenic monocyte to collagen.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Experimental* ; Chickens ; Collagen ; Collagen Type II ; Dexamethasone ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunization ; Incidence ; Interleukin-10* ; Mice ; Monocytes ; Spleen

Anti-E and anti-c is one of the clinical significant irregular antibodies developing a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn. Since anti-c occurs frequently with anti-E in immunized people whosoe cells are E-and c-, it has been recommended to select blood of the patient's own R1 phenotype for transfusion, even when the presence of anti-c cannot be demonstrated in his/her serum. To determine the utility of this approach, we reviewed the blood bank laboratory records of patients identified anti-E and anti-c in his/her serum in Severance hospital over a 12 year period (1985-1996). During the 12-year period of study, 53 patients were identified with anti-E and/or anti-c; 30(56.6%) patients had anti-E alone, 6(11.3%) had anti-c, and 17(32.1%) had both. Thirty eight of forty two patients whose Rh-hr phenotypes were tested were R1R1. Of these 38 R1R1 patients, 16 patients (42.1%) presented with anti-c concomitant with anti-E. Ouru study showed that the incidence of antni-c in R1R1 patients with anti-E is similar to that of studies reported in Caucasian groups. We highly suggest the transfusion protocol of prophylactic use of c negative blood for R1R1 patients with anti-E. Furthermore, because anti-c may be present in concentrations too low to be detected, the enzyme technique is recommended in parallel with standard serologic methods for the identification of irregular antibodies.
Antibodies ; Blood Banks ; Blood Group Incompatibility ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Phenotype

OBJECTIVES: Lipocortin-1 (LC-1), a member of annexin family of calcium-binding proteins induced by corticosteroid, originally evoked interest as one of the secondary messengers in the antiinflammatory action of corticosteroid, But the exact mechanism of LC-1 responsible for antiinflammatory effect is still unclear. We investigated the potential role of LC-1 in the effect of corticosteroid on amelioration of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. METHODS: Four groups of DBA/1j mice were immunized by intradermal injection of 5mg/kg of type 2 collagen with complete Freunds adjuvant which was boostered on day 21 and 42. Group 1 received no treatment and group 2 received 1mg/kg dexamethasone intraperitoneally twice weekly from day 21. Group 3 and 4 were treated with 50 and 0.5microgram/kg of anti LC-1 monoclonal antibody subcutaneously and dexamethasone from day 21 twice weekly, respectively. The prevalence of arthritis and arthritis score were assessed twice weekly. At week 10, we measured serum anticollagen antibody levels and splenic mononuclear cell stimulation indices (SI) to collagen. RESULT: CIA started to develop after 4 weeks of collagen treatment in all groups. All mice of group 1 developed arthritis by the 9 week. Treatment with dexamethasone markedly inhibited arthritis development (P<0.05). Cotreatment of anti LC-1 monoclonal antibody and dexamethasone abolished the antiinflammatory effect of dexamethasone (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in the serum levels of anticollagen antibody or splenic mononuclear cell SI among the groups. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that LC-1 is involved, at least in part, in the antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroid in chronic inflammation, although the mechanism of which is unclear.
Animals ; Arthritis* ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Collagen* ; Dexamethasone ; Freund's Adjuvant ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Injections, Intradermal ; Mice ; Prevalence

In this animal study, comedones were induced by topical application of oleic acid onto the rabbit ear canal and the histopathologic and ultrastructural changes in response to topical application of HO and hexane extracts of red ginseng, and saponin were measured. No microscopical difference was observed between treatment groups. Nucle ir remnants were observed in the horny cell layer as well as the thinning of the granular cell layer. Scattered and decreased keratohyaline granules were also noted. Six weeks after initiation of treatment, we observed the thinning of epidermis and veappearance of granular cell layer with normal keratohyaline granules. After treatment, scanning electron microscopy showed a decrease in the size of comedones, and loosened and desquamating horny cells in the comedones. From the above results, it could be concluded that Panax ginseng extracts might have effects on the keratinization process of the skin.
Animals ; Ear Canal ; Epidermis ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Oleic Acid ; Panax* ; Saponins ; Skin

OBJECTIVES: Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale (PSYRATS) is an assessment tool to measure the severity of different dimensions of auditory hallucinations and delusions. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of PSYRATS (K-PSYRATS) were examined in Korean patients with major psychosis. METHODS: The inter-rater reliability of the K-PSYRATS was determined from the videotaped interviews of the five schizophrenic patients. To measure validity and internal consistency reliability, the 109 patients with auditory hallucinations or delusions were assessed using the K-PSYRATS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale. RESULTS: K-PSYRATS was found to have excellent inter-rater reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient of auditory hallucination= 0.81, p<.001, intra-class correlation coefficient of delusion=0.97, p<.001) and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha of auditory hallucination=0.77, Cronbach's alpha of delusion=0.76). Significant correlation was found between K-PSYRATS and positive syndrome subscale of PANSS and CGI. CONCLUSION: K-PSYRATS is a useful assessment instrument for psychotic symptoms in Korea.
Delusions ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Korea ; Psychotic Disorders ; Reproducibility of Results*

No abstract available.
Osteoblasts* ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor*

Since April 1972, we have used the method of continuous intravenous infusion of thiopentoned tubocurarine mixture in 74 cases which were not required fully muscular relaxation during operation such as orthopedic operation, laminectomy, and mastoidectomy etc. The results were as follows. 1. The average needs of thiopentone and d-tubocurarine were 430mg/hr and 6.5mg/hr. 2. There were no specific changes on blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration. 3. The average recovery time was 20 minutes. 4. This method was very simple, economic and no risk of explosion.
Blood Pressure ; Explosions ; Heart Rate ; Infusions, Intravenous* ; Laminectomy ; Methods* ; Orthopedics ; Relaxation ; Respiration ; Thiopental ; Tubocurarine

Disturbances of the surrounding vascular system and the severe cicatrical entrapment of the injured plexus should be considered, with its neural damage, in brachial plexus injury by Gun-Shot. Therefore, Subclavian arteriography and Subclavian venography before operation should be essential and the correction of the deficit of the vascular system may be a factor in the determination of prognosis in relation to pain control. We have reported 2 cases of the brachial plexus injury by Gun-shot and discussed the importance of Subcalvian arteriography and Subclavian venography. External neurolysis seems to be beneficial in Causalgia caused by brachial plexus injury.
Angiography ; Brachial Plexus* ; Causalgia ; Phlebography ; Prognosis