Objective To investigate the effect of heroin abuse on attention switching. Methods Thirty-six Heroin abusers (33 males, 3 females) and 36 controls (32 males, 4 females) were enrolled in the study. Their cognitive function was tested by using the Switching Task, including Sustained Attention trials and Switching Attention trials. The reaction time and accuracy were recorded separately by the computer. Results The accuracy or reaction times were not signifi-cantly different between Switching Attention trial and Sustained Attention trial in heroin abusers, suggesting a lower Switch Costs value compared to the healthy controls [(19.7 ± 66.8) ms vs. (85.1 ± 92.4) ms]. The healthy controls showed faster reaction speed [Sustained Attention trial (695.3 ± 95.9) ms vs. Switching Attention trial (780.3 ± 93.3) ms, P<0.05] and higher accuracy [Sustained Attention trial (98.0%±2.2%) vs. Switching Attention trial (93.8%±5.0%), P<0.05] under the Sustained Attention trial. Compared with the healthy controls, the heroin abusers showed slower reaction speed [(791.6 ± 74.3) ms vs. (695.3±95.9) ms, P<0.05] and lower accuracy [(92.5%±8.4%) vs. (98.0%±2.2%), P<0.05] in Sus-tained Attention trial, but not in Switching Attention trial. Conclusions The present study has revealed absence of Switch Costs in heroin abusers, which may be related to the damage of heroin abusers in their Sustained Attention function.

Objective To investigate the effect of state anxiety and trait anxiety on attentional orienting of heroin addicts. Methods State anxiety and trait anxiety was measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Forty heroin ad?dicts (36 males and 4 females) and 40 healthy controls (36 males and 4 females) participated in cue-target task. Atten?tional orienting and reorienting were measured in valid cue trials and invalid cue trails. Results Heroin addicts had sig?nificantly greater state anxiety [(42.65 ± 6.58) vs. (36.60 ± 8.91)] and trait anxiety [(44.43 ± 7.67) vs. (37.00 ± 8.63)] values than controls (P<0.05). The state anxiety was significantly correlated with orientation RT difference (r=-0.259, P=0.020) and disengaging/reorientation RT difference (r=0.333, P=0.003) in heroin addicts. Trait anxiety was also significantly cor?related with orientation RT difference (r=-0.248, P=0.026) and disengaging/reorientation RT difference (r=0.356, P=0.001) in heroin addicts. Conclusion Heroin addicts have significantly greater anxiety than healthy controls. Both their state anxiety and trait anxiety are associated with attentional orienting and disengaging/reorienting.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the changes of anorectal angle (ARA) under 3 physiological states and pelvic organ prolapse(POP) in postpartum women by transperineal ultrasound.Methods:The retrospective study enrolled 147 female in 6-8 weeks after delivery examined by pelvic floor ultrasound examinations in Fujian Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital from November 2019 to June 2021, who were divided into POP group and control group. Volume data of pelvic floor ultrasound examinations were obtained at rest, during contraction and during maximal Valsalva maneuver. The differences in the changes of ARA under 3 physiological states between the two groups were compared, and the correlation between the change state of ARA during maximal Valsalva maneuver and POP was analyzed.Results:Compared with ARA at rest, ARA decreased during contraction (χ 2=42.64, P<0.001) and increased during maximal Valsalva maneuver (χ 2=38.43, P<0.001). There was no difference of ARA between the POP group and control group in the 3 physiological states ( P>0.05). However, the risk of POP increased when ARA decreased during maximal Valsalva maneuver ( OR=2.690, 95% CI=1.074-6.739, P<0.05). Conclusions:The decrease of ARA during maximal Valsalva maneuver may increase the risk of POP, and the change of ARA during maximal Valsalva maneuver can be brought into the ultrasonic observation indicators of POP.