Objective We analyzed clinical characteristics of dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6(DPPX)antibody-associated encephalitis and evaluated the effect of immunotherapy on anti-DPPX encephalitis.Methods A total of 9 patients with anti-DPPX encephalitis were retrospectively analyzed,including clinical manifestations,laboratory examinations,imaging features,treatment and prognosis.Results Nine patients were identified(medium age 45 years old,5 were men).Neurologic disorders were multifocal:cognitive dysfunction(3 cases),psychosis(anxiety,irritability,auditory hallucination,abnormal behavior)(3 cases),CNS hyperexcitability(6 cases),brainstem(5 cases),cerebellar dysfunction(4 cases),sleep disorders(3 cases),dysautonomia(1 case),allodynia(1 case).In additional,there were 4 patients complicated with weight loss and/or gastrointestinal symptoms.CSF data showed that white cell counts were elevated in 2 patients and protein levels were elevated in 4 patients.EEG revealed epileptiform discharges in 3 patients and delta wave in 1 patient.Abnormalities were found in the brain MRIs of 4 patients including T2/FLAIR lesions in the hippocampus,insula.Seven patients received corticosteroids and six patients received plasma exchange.Seven patients subsequently treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil.Among 7 patients with adequate follow-up data,all patients had recovered to some degree and 3 of them completely remitted after 4 months to 2 years of follow-up.Conclusion The clinical symptoms of anti-DPPX encephalitis were diverse,the classic triad of clinical symptoms were weight loss and/or gastrointestinal disorders,CNS hyperexcitability and cognitive disorders.Long-term oral Mycophenolate Mofetil may be helpful in improving prognosis and reducing recurrence.

Objective To investigate the effects of serum from smoking individuals or non-smoking individuals with periodontitis on Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) internalizing KB cells,and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-1,MMP-9,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the culture supernatant of KB cells.Methods The venous blood of 20 periodontitis patients'(10 smoking and 10 non-smoking) was extracted under the informed consent and centrifuged for serum.The smoking-individual serum(Y group) and non-smoking-individual(N group)serum were added to the model of Pg internalizing KB cells for 12 hours,plated on brain-heart infusion(BHI) and incubated anaerobically at 37 ℃ for 5 days.The colony forming units(CFU) of cell-invasive bacteria were estimated by colony counting.M MP-1,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 protein levels in culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the two groups following co-culture of Pg with KB cells for 12 hours.Results The CFU were (11.2 ± 1.1) × 104,(12.6 ± 1.2) × 104,(44.7 ± 1.3) × 104 CFU/ml when adding 200,400,800 μl Y-group serum to the model of Pg co-culture with KB cells and when the serum was extracted from N group,the CFU were (33.6 ± 1.4) × 104,(38.9 ± 1.1) × 104,(11.2 ± 1.2) × 104 CFU/ml respectively.When 200,400,800 μl Y group-serum was added to co-culture fluid of Pg internalizing KB cells,the concentrations of MMP-1 secreted from KB cells were (107.2 ± 21.5),(165.9 ± 20.2),(434.4 ± 48.0) μg/L respectively,the concentrations of M MP-9 were (3.99 ±0.29),(4.21 ± 0.61),(5.62 ± 0.47) μg/L respectively,the concentrations of TIMP-1 were (401.3 ± 12.7),(418.3 ± 28.5),(637.3 ± 37.3) μg/L.When the serum (200,400,800 μl) extracted from N group,the concentration of MMP-1 and MMP-9 secreted by KB cell were (77.6±10.8),(84.7 ± 10.2) and (98.2 ±9.7) μg/L and (3.84 ±0.52),(4.02 ±0.68),(4.25 ±0.37) μg/L,respectively.The concentration of TIMP-1 were (67.3 ±26.9),(89.4 ± 22.7) and (78.2 ± 16.5) μg/L secreted by KB cells in the course of Pg internalized KB cell.With the increasing of Y group-serum,the more MMP-1,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were secreted by KB cells (P ＜ 0.05).When 800 μl Y group-serum was added compared with N group-serum to the Pg co-culture with KB model,the more MMP-1,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were secreted by KB cells (P＜0.05),when 400 μl Y group-serum was added compared with N group-serum to the Pg co-culture with KB model,the more MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were secreted by KB cells (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The smoking-serum might enhance Pg internalizing KB cells and enhance the expression of MMP-1,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 secreted from KB cells.The local microenvironment of smoking individual may contribute to the recurrence and progression of chronic periodontitis.

Bionic untethered micro-nano robots, due to their advantages of small size, low weight, large thrust-to-weight ratio, strong wireless mobility, high flexibility and high sensitivity, have very important application values in the fields of biomedicine, such as disease diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, etc. This review article systematically introduced the manufacturing methods and motion control, and discussed the biomedical applications of bionic untethered micro-nano robots. Finally, the article discussed the possible challenges for bionic untethered micro-nano robots in the future. In summary, this review described bionic untethered micro-nano robots and their potential applications in biomedical fields.
Bionics ; Equipment Design ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Motion ; Robotics

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has been reported to be related to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), a virulence factor released by P. gingivalis, is known to induce inflammatory responses. To explore the pathological relationships between PPAD and UC, we used homologous recombination technology to construct a P. gingivalis strain in which the PPAD gene was deleted (Δppad) and a Δppad strain in which the PPAD gene was restored (comΔppad). C57BL/6 mice were orally gavaged with saline, P. gingivalis, Δppad, or comΔppad twice a week for the entire 40 days (days 0-40), and then, UC was induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution for 10 days (days 31-40). P. gingivalis and comΔppad exacerbated DDS-induced colitis, which was determined by assessing the parameters of colon length, disease activity index, and histological activity index, but Δppad failed to exacerbate DDS-induced colitis. Flow cytometry and ELISA revealed that compared with Δppad, P. gingivalis, and comΔppad increased T helper 17 (Th17) cell numbers and interleukin (IL)-17 production but decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) numbers and IL-10 production in the spleens of mice with UC. We also cocultured P. gingivalis, Δppad, or comΔppad with T lymphocytes in vitro and found that P. gingivalis and comΔppad significantly increased Th17 cell numbers and decreased Treg cell numbers. Immunofluorescence staining of colon tissue paraffin sections also confirmed these results. The results suggested that P. gingivalis exacerbated the severity of UC in part via PPAD.
Animals ; Colitis, Ulcerative/microbiology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Porphyromonas gingivalis/pathogenicity* ; Protein-Arginine Deiminases ; Virulence Factors

Animals ; Antigens, Surface/genetics* ; Cell Communication/genetics* ; Copulation/physiology* ; Fallopian Tubes/metabolism* ; Female ; Fertilization/genetics* ; GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics* ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism* ; Litter Size ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondria/metabolism* ; Reproduction/genetics* ; Signal Transduction ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility/genetics* ; Spermatozoa/metabolism* ; Uterus/metabolism*