Abstract: Objective　To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in blood culture specimens of patients with bloodstream infections before and after COVID-19 (2018-2019 and 2020-2021), and to provide scientific basis and reference for rational treatment and effective control of bloodstream infections in the post-epidemic period. Methods Blood culture specimens were collected from patients in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University in the two years before and after the COVID-19 outbreak (2018-2021). The Automated Blood Culture Systems were used to perform blood culture on blood specimens sent for clinical inspection, and the Vitek MS automatic bacterial identification mass spectrometer was used for strain identification and the Vitek 2 automatic bacterial drug susceptibility analyzer was used for drug susceptibility testing and drug resistance analysis. Results　Blood culture specimens were performed on 28 736 patients with suspected bloodstream infection submitted for inspection from January 2018 to December 2019, and a total of 2 181 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected after removing duplicate strains, with a positive rate of 7.69%, including 1 046 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 47.96%. From January 2020 to December 2021, blood culture specimens from 26 083 patients with suspected bloodstream infection were submitted for inspection, and a total of 2 111 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected after excluding duplicate strains, with a positive rate of 8.09%, including 1 000 strains of Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 47.37%. The drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae was relatively serious, and the sensitivity rate to ertapenem, polymyxin B and tigecycline was more than 90%. The main non-fermentative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii was more than 50% sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam, amikacin and polymyxin B. The sensitivity rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin and meropenem were more than 50%. Conclusions　In the two years before and after COVID-19, there are many types of pathogenic bacteria in bloodstream infection, but the distribution do not differ significantly. The pathogens of bloodstream infection are mainly distributed in ICU, hepatobiliary research institute, and nephrology department. Among them, Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii are the main ones, and different pathogens showed great differences in drug resistance.

AIM: To study the application of macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the early diagnosis of glaucoma.METHODS: Case-control study.Eighty-six subjects, including 30 eyes in normal subjects, 27 eyes in suspected primary open angle glaucoma, 29 eyes in primary open angle glaucoma were enrolled in this study.The thickness of mGCC and pRNFL were measured by OCT.The area under the receiver operating characteristic(AROC) curve at fixed specificities were calculated for each parameter.RESULTS: There were significant differences in mean pRNFL thickness, superior pRNFL thickness and inferior pRNFL thickness between normal group, suspected glaucoma group and early glaucoma group (P=0.001, 0.004, 0.011).The mean mGCC thickness, the thickness of the top mGCC, the thickness of the lower mGCC were statistically significant (P=0.008, 0.002, 0.003);the difference of general loss of volume (GLV) and focal loss of volume (FLV) between the three groups was statistically significant (P=0.002).Compared with the normal group, all the pRNFL and the mGCC parameters were higher in the suspected glaucoma group, and the FLV had the highest AROC (0.801), all the remaining AROC was >0.700 except above Prnlf (0.688).Compared with the normal group and the early glaucoma group, all the pRNFL and the mGCC had higher AROC, average mGCC was hightest(0.804), all parameters AROC were >0.700 except mean pRNFL (0.683).In suspected glaucoma group, 58% patients had abnormal mGCC thickness and 23% had abnormal pRNFL thickness;in early glaucoma group, 98%patients had abnormal mGCC thickness and 90% had abnormal pRNFL thickness;in normal group, 93%patients had abnormal mGCC thickness and 93%had abnormal pRNFL thickness, the correlation between the three groups was statistically significant (x2=12.11, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: OCT measurement of mGCC thickness and pRNFL thickness in early glaucoma have good diagnostic ability;mGCC thickness measurement can be used as an effective method for early diagnosis of glaucoma.

Objective To observe the change characteristics of serum prealbumin and cholinesterase in the liver cirrhosis pa-tients ,and to discusses the determination of these two indicators in diagnosis ,treatment and prognosis of clinical significance in pa-tients with liver cirrhosis .Methods A total of 45 liver cirrhosis patients diagnosis in our hospital from July to December 2013 were recruited into study group ,at the same time 98 healthy people were recruited into control group .The Hitachi 7170 automatic bio-chemical analyzer was used to detected serum prealbumin and cholinesterase ,the former was detected by immunoturbidimetry meth-od ,the latter was detected by butyryl glucosinolates choline bottom method .The levels and abnormal rates of the two indicators be-fore and after treatment in the study group were compared with those of the control group .Results The serum prealbumin and cho-linesterase at different stage in the study group were significant lower than those of the control group(P<0 .05) .The abnormal rate of serum prealbumin after treatment was significant different with those among and before treatment in patients with cirrhosis (χ2 =10 .08 ,P<0 .05) ,but there were no significant difference on cholinesterase(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The serum prealbumin is a sensitive indicator of liver cell damage ,its change could reflect the condition of treatment and development status ,which has im-portant clinical significance on judging the prognosis of patients with liver cirrhosis .

Objective To estimate effects of AG490, a selective inhibitor of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, on the biological behavior of human keloid?derived fibroblasts (HKFs), and to explore their possible mechanisms. Methods In vitro cultured human skin fibroblasts(HSFs)and HKFs were both divided into several groups to be treated with AG490 at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100 μmol/L), with those receiving no treatment serving as the control group. Then, cell counting kit?8(CCK?8)assay was performed to evaluate cellular proliferative activity of HSFs and HKFs after 24?, 48?and 72?hour treatment, flow cytometry to estimate cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate in HKFs after 24?hour treatment, reverse transcription(RT)?PCR to measure STAT3 and cyclin D1 mRNA expressions in treated HKFs as well as STAT3 mRNA expression in untreated HSFs and HKFs after 24?hour culture, and Western blot analysis to measure the protein expressions of STAT3 and p?STAT3 in HSFs and HKFs after 24?hour treatment. Results CCK?8 assay showed that the proliferation inhibition rates of both HSFs and HKFs gradually increased along with the increase in AG490 concentrations and treatment duration, and the inhibitory effects increased in both dose?and time?dependent manners(all P<0.05). Besides, when cells were treated with the same concentrations of AG490 for same durations, the proliferation of HKFs were inhibited to a greater extent than that of HSFs(all P<0.05). As flow cytometry revealed, along with the increase of AG490 concentrations, the proportion of HKFs in G1 phase and the apoptosis rate in HKFs both increased gradually(all P < 0.01), while the proportion of HKFs in G2 phase gradually decreased(all P < 0.01), and the proportion of HKFs in S phase remained insignificantly changed. RT?PCR showed that the mRNA expression of STAT3 was significantly higher in untreated HKFs than in untreated HSFs after 24?hour normal culture(P < 0.05). After 24?hour treatment with AG490, the mRNA expressions of STAT3 and cyclin D1 in HKFs gradually decreased with the increase of AG490 concentrations. Correlation analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of cyclin D1 was positively correlated with that of STAT3 in AG490?treated HKFs (r = 0.855, P < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed that the protein expressions of both STAT3 and p ? STAT3 gradually decreased in HKFs and HSFs along with the increase of AG490 concentrations(all P < 0.05), and were significantly lower in HKFs than in HSFs (both P < 0.05). Conclusion AG490 can effectively inhibit HKF proliferation by selectively blocking the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Objective To compare the effect of traditional open surgery and laparoscopic repair of gastric perforation on postoperative pulmonary function.Methods Fifty patients were divided into two groups according to therapeutic method.Group A underwent traditional open gastric perforation repair(n=25).Group B underwent laparoscopic repair of gastric perforation(n=25).The pulmonary functions were examined at 1 day,3 days and 7 days postoperatively.Results All patients had different degrees of postoperative pulmonary function decline.After operation,the forced vital capacity(FVC)and forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1)and vital capacity(VC)in group A were significantly lower than those in preoperation(P<0.05).The patients in laparoscopic operation group decreased significantly only on the first day postoperative.The postoperative pulmonary function of patients undergoing open surgery was significantly lower than that of patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery(P<0.05).Conclusion Laparoscopic repair of gastric perforation has less damage to the lung function than traditional open gastric perforation repair.Laparoscopic surgery plays an important role in the recovery of postoperative pulmonary function.

BACKGROUND:Retinal diseases are caused by damage or apoptosis of the retinal cel s and lack of ideal treatment. Induced pluripotent stem cel s have self-renewal ability and differentiation potential. A new potential source from which to produce stem cel s as a therapeutic platform for the treatment of retinal diseases and avoid ethics issues is the research focus currently.
OBJECTIVE:To review recent advancement of induced pluripotent stem cel s and the potential utility for retinal diseases.
METHODS:The first author searched related articles published from 2006 to 2011 by computer retrieval in PubMed database using the keywords of“induced pluripotent stem cel s, retinal, photoreceptor, retinal pigment epithelium, retinal ganglion cel”in English. Final y, total y 42 papers were involved.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Induced pluripotent stem cel s can be induced to differentiate into retinal cel s which have a possibility to be used as donor cel s for transplantation therapies. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cel s can be used as disease models for mechanistic studies and drug screening. It is a promising therapy for retinal degenerative diseases. However, some problems stil remain, such as risk of teratoma formation and low efficiency of somatic cel s to be successful y induced into induced pluripotent stem cel s. It stil requires further more studies.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of nasal endoscope surgery on chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps in geriatric patients.Methods A total of 132 geriatric patients with chronic sinusitis and nasalpolyps underwent nasal endoscope surgery in our hospital from Jun.2010 to Jun.2014,and the therapeutic effect was investigated.Results In the 132 cases,92 cases were cured (69.7％).Therapeutic effects were excellent in 33 cases (25.0％),and invalid in 7 cases (5.3％).The total effective rate was 94.7％.The total effective rate was 100.0％ in type Ⅰ,97.4％ in type Ⅱ and 84.8％ in type Ⅲ.The total effective rate was higher in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ than in type Ⅲ (x2=3.506 and 6.218,P=0.035 and 0.012).Local complications occurred in 10 cases (7.6％),including 1 case with nasolacrimal duct injury,2 cases with orbital hematoma,5 cases with nasal adhesion,1 case with surgical cavity hemorrhage and 1 case with sinus atresia.Conclusions The therapeutic effects of nasal endoscopesurgery on chronic sinusitis and nasalpolyps are good in geriatric patients,especially in treating chronic sinusitis and nasalpolyps of type Ⅰ and Ⅱ,and the postoperative complications are less,which is worth clinical application.

Denitrification plays an important role in wastewater treatment systems for the reason that the nitrate or nitrite was reduced, and some gases such as NO, N_2O or N_2 were released. The application of denitrification in wastewater, the mechanism of denitrification, and the effect factors of denitrification were introduced in this paper. The communities of Denitrifying bacteria, and some key enzymes of denitrification were also introduced. The discovery of aerobic denitrifying bacteria, autotrophic denitrifying bacteria, and denitrifying Phosphorus-removing Bacteria were also mentioned in this paper.

OBJECTIVE:To determine serum concentrations of western medicines in patients treated with "traditional Chinese antiepileptic medicine" alone and to evaluate the curative effects.METHODS:A total of 60 epileptic patients who visited our hospital between Feb.1997 and June 2006 were subjected to plasma drug level monitoring and during which the patients were treated with "traditional Chinese antiepileptic drugs" alone.Plasma concentrations of 4 kinds of western medicin-es were determined by FPIA.RESULTS:Of the 60 cases,valproic acid,carbamazepine,phenytoin and phenobarbitone were detected in 18,40,41,and 47 cases/times,respectively.On average,more than two kinds of western medicines were detected in every patient,and the blood concentrations were mostly beyond effective plasma drug concentration.The total curative effects were unsatisfactory.CONCLUSION:The fact that western medicine ingredients detected in these traditional Chinese antiepileptic medicines is inconformity with medication principle of epilepsy.Traditional Chinese antiepileptic medicines should be used with caution in the clinic in the treatment of epileptic patients.

AIM: To build an allergic rhinitis model to evaluate the effect of budesonide on the eosinophils and histamine in nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis guinea pig.METHODS: 33 guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups: natural controlled group,allergic rhinitis(AR) group and budesonide treatment group.Allergic rhinitis model in guinea pigs were built by using toluene-2,4-disocyanate(TDI) nasal immunization and challenge.The indexes of clinical symptoms,pathomorphological diagnosis and content of histamine in mucosa were used to evaluate the potency of budesonide when used to treat allergic rhinitis.RESULTS: The expression of eosinophils and the content of histamine in nasal mucosa in AR group both were significantly higher than that of in natural controlled group(respectively,P(0.05)).CONCLUSION: Budesonide could effectively reduce the expression of eosinophils and content of histamine in nasal mucosa,but it is invalid in releasing the symptoms of AR in guinea pig.The reason of this phenomenon may be concerned with the method of model building.