Multimedia is widely used in dermatology teaching.Some problems are analyzed in this article,such as the problem of communication between teachers and students,teaching contents,teaching methods and multimedia making.Methods to solve these problems are also suggested.

Objective To explore the susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms to micafungin. Methods In vitro model of C. Albicans biofilm was established in 96-well microtiter plates with 30 C. Albicans isolates from the Department of Mycology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai. The susceptibility of C. Albicans biofilms to fluconazole, amphotericine B and micafungin was evaluated by colorimetric XTT-reduction assay. Sessile MIC80 (SMIC80), defined as the lowest antifungal concentration at which an 80% reduction in fungal growth was achieved, was determined. Results Of the 30 C. Albicans isolates grown in sessile states, all were resistant to fluconazole (SMIC80≥64 μg/mL), 4 sensitive to amphotericine B (SMIC80≤1 μg/mL), 26 resistant to amphotericine B (SMIC80 > 1 μg/mL), 27 sensitive to micafungin (SMIC80 < 16 μg/mL), 3 resistant to micafungin (SMIC80 >16 μg/mL). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the activity against C. Albicans biofilms between micafungin and fluconazole (χ2=736.36, P<0.01), micafungin and amphotericine B (χ2=529.95, P<0.01), but not between anphotericine B and fluconazole (χ2=2.29, P>0.05). Conclusion C. Albicans biofilms are resistant to routine antifungal agents such as fluconazole and amphotericine B, but relatively more sensitive to micafungin.

BACKGROUND: Child neglect is one of the most important aspects of child abuse and has become a serious problem influencing children's development all over the world. Therefore, it is necessary to nderstand the current conditions and influential factors of child neglect and establish effective evaluation methods in China.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current conditions and influential factors of urban child neglect in Suzhou city.DESIGN: A comparative analysis of sampling survey.SETTING: Department of Children's Health Care, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital.PARTICIPANTS: This study was conducted in one public kindergarten and two private kindergartens of urban areas in Suzhou city between March and October 2003. Totally 370 children (196 boys and 174 girls) aged between 4 to 6 years old without obvious physical and mental diseases were voluntarily investigated, and they had been living with the person that answered the questionnaire regarding to child neglect in China in the recent 1 year. METHODS: Questionnaire regarding to child neglect in China was sent to each volunteer.he questionnaire evaluates the current conditions of child neglect by 20 items of 5 aspects including physical care (buy fruit for child, consider the nutritional need of child, care about the body height and body mass of child), emotional care (chat with child, play and tour with child, encourage child to do the things whatever they can, listen to what the child feels, introduce the child to the guests when they come to your home, let him or her stop immediately when child cries, care about the activities in kindergarten), education care (buy books for child, tell stories to child, recognize and correct the bad behavior of child, answer the questions asked by child seriously), safety care (protections against fire and electricity at home, warn child against matches, knives and other sharp things, teach child how to cross the road) and health care (prepare the common medicine for child at home, urge child to brush teeth, correct the bad posture). The volunteers were asked to answer each question objectively according to the conditions of child within the recent 1 year, and each question should be answered by selecting only one choice (never, occasionally, usually, always), and anyone should not be omitted. Meanwhile,the educational background and occupation of the parents were also investigated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The general status of child neglect and the effects of different family educational background and occupation of parents on child neglect were observed. RESULTS: Totally 370 questionnaires were sent out, and 370 qualified ones were recollected, the effective rate was 100%. ① In Suzhou city, the children were given better regards and good care in the aspects of education, medicine and safety, but neglects on children's physical and mental care still exists in a few families. ② Families of different educational background could think highly of the medical care, safety and psychical care of children, but neglects on education and emotional development more commonly existed in the families with the educational background under university. ③ All the families with different occupation could think highly of the medical care, safety and physical care of the children, but education and emotional development were better in the cadre families than in the ordinary families.CONCLUSION: In Suzhou city, the children are given better regards and good care in the aspects of education, medicine and safety, but some bad manifestations of child neglect exist in education and emotion, which are associated with the educational background and occupation of the parents.Further studies about the evaluation, prevention and intervention are needed for child neglect in China.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Asparaginase ; pharmacology ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; K562 Cells ; U937 Cells

Objective To investigate the effect of calcium antagonist verapamil on the function of rat?- cells and tolbutamide (D860)-induced insulin release.Methods Insulin released from isolated islets were measured in control,verapamil,D860,and verapamil+D860 groups.Furthermore,intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was conducted in acute experiments treated with verapamil and D860 respectively to assess?-cell function in rats with the same allocation as in vitro.Another IVGTT was performed in the end of 4 weeks' treatment.The insulin contents in pancreas were assayed and pancreas islets morphology were observed with immunohistochemistry.Results Verapamil could inhibit insulin release from isolated islets.Verapamil group was [(1.244?0.082)ng?ml~(-1)?islet~(-1)]and control group (2.623?0.226) ng?ml~(-1)?islet~(-1)(P0.05).Also,similar results were obtained in normal rats during acute experiments and verapamil reduce the hypoglycemic effect promoted by D860. However,above results were not observed in the end of 4 weeks experiments,and no difference for insulin content and morphological change in islets was found among four groups.Conclusion Treatment of verapamil chronically does not impair islet function and interfere with the hypoglycemic effect of D860 in rats .

As the preparation process from Salvia miltiorrhiz herbs to S. miltiorrhiz injection involves complicated technology and has relatively more factors impacting quality safety, the overall quality control is required for its effectiveness and safety. On the basis of the component structure theory, and according to the material basis of S. miltiorrhiz injection, we discussed the multi-dimensional structure and process dynamic quality control technology system of the preparation, in order to achieve the quality control over the material basis with safety and effectiveness of S. miltiorrhiz injection, and provide new ideas and methods for production quality standardization of S. miltiorrhis injection.
Drug Compounding ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; chemistry ; Injections ; Quality Control ; Safety ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the expressions and significance of IL-22 and related cytokines (IL-23pl9 and IL-6) in sera and PBMCs of patients with psoriasis. Methods Sera and PBMCs were obtained from the venous blood samples from 58 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 20 normal human controls. The PBMCs were subjected to culture for 5 hours followed by the collection of cells and culture supernatant. Then,quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to examine the mRNA expressions of IL-22, IL-23pl9 and IL-6 in PBMCs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELJSA) to detect the level of IL-22 protein in the sera and culture supernatant of PBMCs. Results In the patients with psoriasis and controls, the relative expression level in PBMCs was 4.48 ± 2.64 and 2.35 ± 0.91 respectively for IL-22 mRNA, 6.07 ± 4.09 and 2.61 ± 1.46 respectively for IL-23pl9 mRNA, 3.87 ± 1.49 and 1.48 ± 0.62 respectively for IL-6 mRNA; significant differences were observed between the two groups in all the above parameters (all P < 0.01). ELISA revealed that the level of IL-22 protein in the patients and controls was (86.23 ± 25.58) ng/L and (43.67 ± 14.82) ng/L respectively in the sera (P< 0.01), (119.11 ± 21.51) ng/L and (57.70 ± 13.17) ng/L respectively in the culture supernatant of PBMCs (P< 0.01). Conclusion There is an overexpression of IL-22 in the PBMCs and sera of patients with psoriasis, implying that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

0.05). Two fasting blood samples of 3 mL were taken in both groups and were sealed in tubes.Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3 000 r/min for 10 min. The serum IGF-Ⅰ, IgG, IgA and IgM were detected with the method of ELISA. The body height, wieght were measured at the same time. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 11.0 software. Means and standard deviation were calculated.t-test was used to compare the differences between menas.Pearson correlation was used to analyze the significance of correlation.Results The serum IGF-Ⅰ,IgG,IgA,IgM and weight,height in RRI group were (21.8?4.5) ?g/L,(8.85?1.94) g/L,(0.78?0.22) g/L,(1.01?0.55) g/L,(17.7?4.92) kg and (95.2?3.22) cm.The serum IGF-Ⅰ,IgG,IgA,IgM and weight,height in control group were (32.7?4.7) ?g/L,(12.05?2.09) g/L,(1.95?0.90) g/L,(1.60?0.60) g/L,(25.3?9.6) kg,(104.7?8.32) cm,respectively.There were significant differences between 2 groups(Pa

Objective To explore the influence of coal-arsenic exposure on human T cells proliferation and its mechanism.Methods Blood samples colleoted from individuals which lived in arsenism area of coal-burning type and non-arsenism area in Guizhou Province were divided into exposed group(17),mild(35),moderate(38) and severe arsenism group(19)and control group(35)according to Diagnosis Smndard for Endemic Arsenism (WS/T 211-2001).T cell stimulation index wag determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT)colorimetric method.The intracellular Ca2+ exponential(IECa2+)in peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)was analyzed by Fho-3/AM dye and flow cytometry.DNA binding activity of actively T cells nuclear factor(NF-AT)in PBMC was evaluated by electrophoretie mobility shift assay(EMSA).Results Concanavalin A(ConA)stimulation decreased the T cells stimulation indexes in exposed group,mild,moderate and severe arsenism groups(1.315±0.962, 1.611±1.224,1.114±0.545,1.289±0.875)compared with control group(2.322±1.241),all the differences being statistically significant(P＜0.01).After stimulated by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody(McAb),the T cells stimulation index in exposed group,mild,moderate and severe arsenism group(0.997±0.177,1.103±0.291,1.007±0.221, 0.957±0.205) were lower than that of control group(1.842±0.429,P ＜ 0.01 ). IECa2+ of PBMC after treated by anti-CD3 McAb in mild,moderate and severe arsenism group( 110.130±49.637,92.429±31.191,77.640± 35.372) were lower compared with control group(145.986±59.450,P ＜0.01 ). Moreover,IECa2+ in moderat and severe arsenism group were lower than exposed group(121.337±46.410,P ＜ 0.05). DNA binding activity of PBMC NF-AT in mild,moderate and severe arsenism group(1.354±0.446,1.290±0.291,1.159±0.411 ) were lowered than that of control group(1.722±0.291,P ＜ 0.01) and exposed group(1.611±0.294,P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions The coal-arsenic exposure can reduce the human T cells stimulation indexes,IECa2+ in PBMC and the DNA binding activity of NF-AT. It suggest that arsenic may suppress the proliferation ability of human T cells,which may be partly related to the influence of arsenic on T cell receptor(TCR)/CD3 signal transduetion pathway.

Objective To investigate the activation of T lymphocytes in human peripheral blood and the signaling molecules in protein kinase C/nuclear factor KB(PKC/NF-κB) pathway expressivity or activity changes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) exposed to coal-arsenic,to explore the role of PKC/NF-κB signal pathway in activation of T cells in human exposed to coal-arsenic. Methods Blood samples were collected from individuals who lived in arsenism area of coal-burning in Guizhou province, and were divided into asymptomatically exposed group (12),mild arsenism group (33),moderate arsenism group (34) and severe arscnism group (15) according to Diagnosis Standard for Endemic Arsenism (WS/T 211-2001). The individuals who lived in non-arsenism area were control group(27). The ratio of activated T ceils was analyzed by flow cytometry. DNA binding activity of NF-κB in PBMCs was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA). The expression of PKCθ and phospho-PKCθ(pPKCθ) in PBMCs were detected with western blotting analysis. Results The ratio of activating T cells in asymptomatically exposed group[(21.76±15.31)%],mild arsenism group[(18.41±11.36)%],moderate arsenism group[(17.78±11.93)%]and severe arsenism group[(18.79±13.38)%]were all higher than that of control group[(3.19±2.12)%],the difference among all groups being statistically significant(F = 7.893,P < 0.05). DNA binding activity of PBMCs NF-κB in asymptomatically exposed group,mild arsenism group,moderate arsenism group and severe arsenism group(1.49±0.24,1.58±0.30,1.57±0.34,1.51±0.16) were higher than that of the control group(1.30±0.17),the difference being statistically sign/ficant(P < 0.05 or < 0.01). The expression of PBMCs pPKCθ in mild arsenism group,moderate arsenism group and severe arsenism group(0.64± 0.14,0.64±0.27,0.62±0.12) were all lower than that of the control group(0.93±0.20),the difference being statistically significant(P < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between the expression of pPKCθ and the activity of NF-κB(r =-0.565,P < 0.01). There were significant positive correlations between the activity of NF-κB and the ratio of activating T cells(r = 0.546,P < 0.01). Conclusion Coal-arsenic enhances the DNA binding activity of NF-κB,reduces the expression of PBMCs pPKCθ in human PBMCs and up-regulates the activity of T cells. It suggests that the PKC/NF-κB signal might be one of transduction pathway via activating of T cells by coal-arsenic.