A combination vaccine which consists of ≥2 immunogens is intended to provide protection against two or more diseases or against multiple serotypes of a single disease. The use of combination vaccines decrease the number of vaccine injections in the regular immunization schedules. However,the development of combination vaccines is more complicated than monovalent vaccines,preservatives and adjuvants used with one component may alter the potency of other components. Physical,chemical,and biological interactions between the components of combination vaccines must be considered to avoid detrimental effects on safety or efficacy. Therefore combination vaccines present unique challenges for product evaluation. This paper presents a review of research application status,the evaluation of effectiveness and safety,as well as development prospects on combination vaccines.

Objective To evaluate the significance of the expression level of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3(AKR1C3) for esophageal carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy.Methods The clinical data of 28 patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone was retrospectively analyzed, and the expression level of AKR1C3 was detected by immunohistochemistry.Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 8 statistical software, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant difference.Results The expression level of AKR1C3 was different in esophageal carcinoma patients at different levels of differentiation.The level of AKR1C3 expression was negatively correlated with efficacy of radiotherapy (P=0.031, 95%CI 0.151-0.914).Conclusion AKR1C3 can serve as a promising biomarker of the efficacy of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Burns ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Recombinant Proteins ; therapeutic use ; Wound Healing ; drug effects ; Young Adult

Objective To evaluate the X-ray characterstics of benign and malignant neoplasms on mammography in order to improve their differeatial diagnostic level.Methods X-ray image changes of 67 malignant breast neoplasms were described by the mammography and in comparision with those of 31 benign masses .Results The accordance percentages between the X-ray and histological examinations for the malignant and benigin neoplasms were shown to be 89.6% and 84.0% respectively. Occurrence of masses with an enhanced density , irregular shape, calcification granules in clusters were found to be indication of a malignent lesion.Conclusion The mamography can provide effective imaging data for differential diagnosis betweren the benign and malignant breast neoplasms.

Objective To explore and use a simple effective technique for repairing whistling de-formities and similar defects of upper lip.Methods According to various degrees of the defect on the ver-milion,one or two lip flaps were designed.At the first,a horizontal incision was performed in the area of vermilion defect to make the wound as a recipient area,then one or two lip flaps were formed,which were vertical against horizontal incision and close to area of deformity.Lengths of the flap ranged from 0.6 to 1.4cm,widths of the flap ranged from 0.4~0.7cm,and maximum ratio of length to width was 3:1.At last,the lip flaps were rotated up to recipient area for repairing whistling deformities.Sometimes deform-ities of Cupid’s bow and white lip were repaired at the same time through making additional incision.Re-sults Follow-up for l to 15 months showed that 25 cases of operation were with satisfactory results,ver-milion deformities were repaired or acquired visible improvement without complications and without leav-ing clear incision scar at lip after operation from November 2002 to September 2004.Conclusion In gen-eral application of vertical lip flaps could achieve anticipatory objective for repairing the whistling deformi-ties on lip if there are sufficient membraneous tissue in donor area.This operation is simple,practical and satisfactory.

Objective:To prepare the vaccine of DC derived from human peripheral blood and transfected with HPV16E6 antigen gene, and to detect its morphological character,surface marker and immunological effect.Methods:DC-enriched populations were prepared from human peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC) with the combination of rhGM-CSF,rhIL-4 and rhTNF-?. The plasmid containing HPV16E6 gene was transfected into DC with lipofectamine. The morphology of DC was observed dynamically, and the expression of surface markers of DC vaccine could be detected using immuno-cytochemical staining and flow cytometry. MTT assay was applied to detect the activity of CTL in vitro.Results:The transfected DC had typical morphologic and phenotypic characteristics, and expressed E6 protein 47.3%, CD80 82.5%, CD86 79.8% and CD83 85.7%. The killing activities of CTL to Caski cells induced by transfected DC were higher evidently than that of control groups(P

Objective To study the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the development of offspring's brains by building a murine model. Methods We weighted the body weight and brain weight of offspring on P10 from COC and SAL groups and observed the development of neuron and astrocyte in cerebral cortex by toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry. Results The brain weight and body weight from COC were both reduced on P10 compared with SAL group.We discovered prenatal cocaine exposure induced polarity disorder and dysplasia of neuron in cerebral cortex;the number of the astrocytes in corpus callosum and hippocampus regions decreased.Conclusion\ Pregnatal cocaine exposure can result in abnormal development of cerebral cortex of offsprings which may play an important role on cocaine induced abnormal behavior.\;[

AIM To develop a murine model for investigating the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the development of fetal nerve system. METHODS A nutritionally paired control group of dams injected with saline and pair fed with the COC dams were set up. Another two groups were COC groups injected with cocaine HCl and SAL group administrated with saline. After injection twice daily during gestation days 8～17,mice were decapitated on E17 and blood and brain samples were collected for pharmacological analysis and neurotransmitter analysis by HPLC.RESULTS Pharmacological analysis revealed that cocaine was found in maternal and fetal plasma at 15 min following ip administration to embryonic day E17 pregnant mice. Though COC dams and SPF dams had the same feeding condition, compared with the latter, the former had higher maternal concentrations of DA and 5 HT, lower fetal weight, brain weight, striatum weight and higher concentrations of DA and 5 HT in striatum, P

AIM To investigate the effects of in utero cocaine exposure on the fetal development, when fetuses were exposed to equal total dose but different dose and timing. METHODS Pregnant dams were randomly separated into three groups: SAL, COC20 and COC40. On E17, recorded body weight, brain weight and striatum weight of all groups, and examined the concentrations of DA and 5 HT in fetal striatum by HPLC. RESULTS Body weight of SAL, COC40, COC20 groups decreased progressively in turns. Brain weight of COC20 group and COC40 group was lower than that of SAL. Only the brain/body ratio of COC40 was decreased ( P

Objective To put forward reasonable and feasible recommendations against the procedure with relative high risk during the high dose rate (HDR) afterloading radiotherapy,so as to enhance its clinical application safety,through studying the human reliability in the process of carrying out the HDR afterloading radiotherapy.Methods Basic data were collected by on-site investigation and process analysis as well as expert evaluation.Failure mode,effect and criticality analysis (FMECA) employed to study the human reliability in the execution of HDR afierloading radiotherapy.Results The FMECA model of human reliability for HDR afterloading radiotherapy was established,through which 25 procedures with relative high risk index were found,accounting for 14.1％ of total 177 procedures.Conclusions FMECA method in human reliability study for HDR afterloading radiotherapy is feasible.The countermeasures are put forward to reduce the human error,so as to provide important basis for enhancing clinical application safety of HDR afterloading radiotherapy.