Adenosine is an important biological substance in the body. It exists extensively in intracellular and extracellular tissues. In physiological condition, adenosine remains at very low level intissue. However, under stress such as inflammation, ischemia, hypoxia, trauma, or pain etc. the adenosine concentrationwill be elevated dramatically,indicating that adenosine participates in multiple histopathological processes. Adenosine is a natural chemical messenger that binds to four subtypes( A1, A2A, A2B, A3 ) of adenosine receptors and by that, it regulates multiple kinds of physiological functions. Studies found that adenosine plays an important role in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and coagulation system. In recent years, adenosine has been seen as an attractive option to improve the treatment of glaucoma and retinal diseases. The effects of adenosine in ophthalmology were as follows: adjusting intraocular pressure, inhibiting retinal angiogenesis, dilating retinal blood vessels, regulating retinal nerve conduction, protecting retinal photoreceptors and ganglion cells, arresting the inflammatory response. This article discusses the research progress in adenosine and its receptors as well as biological products of adenosine and projects the application of adenosine in ophthalmology.

As a crucial technique for proteome analysis, mass spectrometry (MS) has developed rapidly in the last two decades. MS has established itself as a powerful tool in life science by its high sensitivity, resolution, mass accuracy and the ability to be coupled with chromatogram and isotope labeling. This review discusses the principles and instrumentation developments of MS, especially focuses on the applications of MS in proteomic studies.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Capsules ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy

Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; blood ; Pentobarbital ; blood ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Objective To evaluate the preoperative diagnosis and treatment of primary non-specific ureteritis,and to better understand this disease.Methods Three cases of primary non-specific ureteritis (1 man and 2 women)were reported.Their age was 28,38,68 years,respectively.One ease was found to have hydronephrosis on B-ultrasound at physical examination with no symptoms,and 2 had abdominal pain. The lesions were detected in lower part of the ureter in 2 cases,and in middle in I.The patients were diag- nosed preoperatively with combined use of MRU and ureteroscopy.Partial resection of the diseased part of the ureter was performed in all the cases.Results Pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of non-spe- cific ureteritis.Microscopy showed necrotic tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration of ureteral mucosa,dilated and congested blood vessels,hypertrophic muscular layer,and proliferation of fibrous tissue.During the fol- low-up of 2 years,the patients had no symptoms and were free from hydronephrosis.Conclusions The eti- ology of primary non-specific ureteritis is unclear,and no typical symptoms can be found clinically.Combined use of MRU and ureteroscopy is helpful for definite diagnosis of the disease.Partial resection of the diseased part of the ureter has good results.

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common male sexual disorder with an incidence rate of 20-30%. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), as the first-line drug for erectile dysfunction (ED), can improve ejaculatory function probably by acting on the peripheral and central adrenergic nerves. The possible action mechanisms of PDE5i may involve lessening of the central sympathetic output, modulation of the contractile responses from the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and urethra, induction of peripheral analgesia, and prolonging of the total erectile duration, increasing the confidence of ejaculation control, and reducing the post-ejaculation refractory time. This review discusses the possible mechanisms and clinical application of PDE5i in the treatment of PE.
Ejaculation ; drug effects ; Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Contraction ; Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Premature Ejaculation ; drug therapy ; Seminal Vesicles ; physiology ; Vas Deferens ; physiology

This paper presented the conventional methods for signal detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and their applications, the research progress in ADRs signal mining based on healthcare big data, and briefed the methods and uses of ADRs prediction using machine learning technology in the era of healthcare big data.The conclusion was that deep learning, as a fast growing tool in machine learning, will become hotspot of research, expected to help with ADRs signal mining and rational clinical drug use.

Bicyclol with benzyl alcohol structure, is a poorly water-soluble drug, used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. To increase the drug solubility and oral bioavailability, a Bicyclol-phospholipid complex was studied on its preparation, formation mechanism, and the influence on drug physicochemical properties and oral absorption. The complex was prepared by a solvent evaporation method. The optimal formulation was selected by orthogonal experimental design, and a reasonable evaluating method of the complexation rate was established. Various methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR), were used to explore the phase state and formation mechanism of the complex. The solubility of drug in complex was investigated in water/n-octanol. Preliminary study of its absorption and liver tissue distribution in rats was also carried out. The results showed that Bicyclol and phosphatidylcholine can be complexed entirely in the molar ratio 1 : 2. Bicyclol was dispersed in phospholipids as amorphous state. They were combined by intermolecular hydrogen bond due to charge transfer effect which occurred between the two polarities of the double bond between phosphorus and oxygen (P=O) of phosphatidylcholine and benzalcohol group of Bicyclol. The solubility of the complex compared to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was effectively enhanced 5.75 times in water and 7.72 times in n-octanol, separately. In addition, drug concentrations were also enhanced 43 times in plasma and 13 times in liver with one hour after administering the complex to rats via oral gavage. All of these indicated that Bicyclol with benzalcohol group can interact with phospholipids to form complex, improving drug's physicochemical properties, thus further increasing its absorption and target tissue distribution. This study also provided theoretical reference for the research of other benzalcohol derivatives complexed with phospholipids.
1-Octanol ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Biphenyl Compounds ; pharmacokinetics ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Phospholipids ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Solubility ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Tissue Distribution ; X-Ray Diffraction

Objective To explore the short term efficacy and safety of percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting in patient with renal artery stenosis.Methods From January 2003 through June 2012,fifty hypertension patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis ≥70％ were successfully treated by percutaneous translumminal renal angioplasty with stent (PTRAS).There were 32 males and 18 females with an average age of (51.2 ± 12.3) years ranged from 21 ～78 years.The blood pressure level,dosage of anti-hypertension drugs and serum creatinine (Scr) of patients were documented and analyzed before and after stenting.All patients were clinically followed up for 6 months after stenting.Continuous variables were analyzed by using t-test for comparison among patients.Results The technical success rate was 100％.Of them,16 patients were cured,30 patients improved and 4 patients ineffective.There were significant differences in blood pressure,sCr and dosage of anti-hypertension drugs between post-stenting and prestenting [SBP (145.7 ±11.3) vs.(179.1 ±22.3) mmHg; DBP [(75.1±9.2) vs.(112.5 ±19.2)mmHg],sCr [(138.2 ±20.3) vs.(191.1 ±36.5) μmol/L] (P＜0.01) and the dosage of antihypertension drug was dramatically decreased.And there were no adverse events found during follow-up period.Conclusions The success rate of PTRAS technique was high,and the blood pressure of patients could be effectively controlled by it,being beneficial to renal function.

950 mL/L for 2 hours.Gross anatomical changes and histological changes(HE staining)of lungs were observed,VEGF expression was detected by immunohistochemical method.Results Two rats in hypothermia-hypoxia group and 4 rats in rewarming-reoxygenating group died while none in control group.Lungs of hypothermia-hypoxia group and rewarming-reoxygenating group represented edema and punctiform,local and diffuse pulmonary hemorrahge.Histopathological changes included pulmonary edema,alveolar septum broken,pulmonary alveoli fusion and pulmonary hemorrahge.More severe pathological change could be found in rewarming-reoxygenating group.Optical density value of VEGF expression in 3 groups were 0.29?0.06,0.36?0.05,0.22?0.05,respectively,there were significant diffe-rences of VEGF expression between 3 groups(F=15.64 P