Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is the disease with the pathological features of gastric mucosa inherent glands atrophy, mucous membrane thinning, muscularis mucosa thickening, gastric acid secretion decreasing, or along with intestinal metaplasia or pseudopyloric metaplasia. TCM differential treatment has obvious advantages. Through the summary of the literature on CAG, the authors summarize the aspects of etiology and pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation characteristic and their relations with gastroscopic image, pathology, and Helicobacter pylori infection, with a purpose to provide references for TCM clinic.

Exendin-4,a peptide analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1),is presently in clinical trials as a therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Exendin-4 selectively acts on GLP-1 receptors,which are coupled to the cAMP nucleotide second messenger pathway to enhance the survival and plasticity of neurons in the brain.Exendin-4 has potent effects on homeostasis of Ca2+,on multiple targets to block apoptotic signaling pathways,and on neuronal proliferation and differentiation.It has also been demonstrated to possess properties against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity.In this review the functions of exendin-4 on central nerve system and the potentia therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative diseases will be involved.

Objective To explore the feasibility and value of special carotid cavemous fistula(CCF). Metheds In 28 cases with traumatic history, cerebral angiographies were performed via percutaneous transfemoral route before endovascular embolization. Results Bilateral CCF in 6 cases,unilateral CCFs including mutileakage in 2 cases and small fistulae in 4 cases,CCF combined with fracture segment in 11 cases,traumatic aneurysms in 3 cases,NPPB after embolizationin 2 cases. The fistulas of 9 cases were occluded with patency of internal carotid artery(ICA),and ICA were occluded in 19cases.Conclusions Endovascular embolization of carotid cavernous fistula was safe and effective.This methed should be the first choice for the treatment.Different techniques of endovascular embolization should be undertaken for different CCF.

Metformin is the most commonly prescibed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus as it is inexpensive, safe, and efficient in ameliorating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that diabetic population is not only at increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but also at substantially higher risk of many forms of malignancies. Meanwhile, epidemiological and clinical observation studies have shown that metformin use reduces risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and improves prognosis and survival rate of the cancer patients. Furthermore, metformin has been used for cancer therapy in clinical trials. Thus, metformin is emerging as a new cancer therapy or adjuvant anticancer drugs. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of metformin use and its molecular mechanism.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Metformin ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy

Objective To investigate the effect of Akt pathway inhibitor AZD5363 on cell proliferation and invasion of QBC939 and RBE cholangiocarcinoma cells and the mechanism.Methods Western blotting was used to detect Akt and downstream protein and mTOR protein expression in two cancer cell lines after process by AZD5363.Inhibition rate and cytotoxicity was tested by CCK-8 assay,and Transwell assay was used to evaluate the invasive ability of cancer cells.Results QBC9393 cell exposed to AZD5363 LD50 drug concentration (24 ±9) was significantly different compared with control group (t =4.47,P ＜ 0.05),RBE cells LD50 drug concentration (21 ± 8) was significantly different compared with control (t =4.41,P ＜ 0.05).Tumor invasion capacity of QBC939 in drug concentrations of 20 μmol/L (63 ± 12) and 0 μmoL/L (271 ± 27),the difference was statistically significant.RBE exposed AZD5363 upon drug concentrations of 20 μmol/L (58 ± 23) and 0 μmol/L (235 ± 21),the difference was statistically significant.AZD5363 promotes phosphorylation of mTOR in QBC939.Conclusions AZD5363 inhibits the proliferation and migration,inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream molecules.AZD5363 promotes phosphorylation of mTOR in QBC939.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of breast carcinosarcoma.Methods Clinical data of 37 breast carcinosarcoma patients treated at Tianjin Cancer Hospital from 1974 to 2014 was analyzed retrospectively.Kaplan-Meier unvariate analysis was used to calculate the survival rate and compare the survival rates.Multivariate factors for survival were analyzed by COX proportional hazards regression model.Results 37 cases of breast carcinosarcoma were all female.The median age was 55 years.Among them 31 cases complained for painless mass,six cases had breast mass with skin ulceration.21 cases were three-negative breast cancer.Ten cases had axillary lymph node metastasis,ten cases had distant metastasis.The 5-year survival rate was 62.3％.Unvariate analysis showed that axillary lymphnodes metastasis (P =0.045) and therapeutic schedule (P =0.016) significantly influenced the oulcome of the patients.COX multivariate analysis validated that the therapy modality was an independent prognostic factor for breast carcinosarcoma(P =0.041).Conclusions Breast carcinosarcoma is rare and has a poor prognosis.ER,PR and HER-2 expressions in most cases are negative.If there is axillary lymph node metastasis,the prognosis is poor.A reasonable and comprehensive treatment can improve the prognosis.

Objective The infection of hepatitis B virus(HBV),which is a hepatotropic DNA virus,can cause acute or chronic viral hepatitis and further may develop liver fibrosis,cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years,with the establishment of HBV transfection cell and animal models,the anti -hepatitis B virus effect of ingredients extracted from many traditional Chinese medicine has been proved.Therefore,chemical composition extracted from the resourceful library of traditional Chinese medicine,with high efficiency and low toxicity,might be the direction for developing anti -hepatitis B virus medicine.

AIM: Recent studies showed that stem cells could replace injured cardiomyocyte and increase the number of functional cardiomyocytes. Researching the pertinent literature in China Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) published between 2005 and 2008 indicated that the researches on stem cell transplantation in the treatment of primary dilated cardiomyopathy were few. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy and security of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in coronary artery in treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy and its effects on left ventricular function. METHODS: Forty-two patients with dilated cardiomyopathy between December 2006 and September 2007 were enrolled at the Department of Cardiology of First People's Hospital of Yunnan, including twenty-eight males and fourteen females, averagely aged (56?3) years. Inclusive criteria: patients with less than 65 years, left ventricular enlargement, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 45%, and without coronary artery disease after coronary arteriongraphy. Informed consents were obtained from patients. Patients were divided into stem cell transplantation group (n=15) and control group (n=27) on the basis of whether being treated by stem cell transplantation. Patients in the stem cell transplantation group were consecutively administered granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) by hypodermic injection to stimulate bone marrow stem cells themselves based on conventional treatment for five days. Peripheral blood stem cell suspension was disassociated on the 6th day, and the collected suspension was injected into left anterior descending branch over the wire saccule tube for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Patients in the control group were administered by conventional treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. Security and adverse reaction were observed during the mobilization, collection and returning injection of peripheral blood stem cell by coronary artery. Morphous, cardiac function and motion index of left ventricle wall were evaluated using ultrasoundcardiogram before and 3 months after transplantation. Survival rate and incidence rate of heart incidents were compared. RESULTS: Three months after stem cell transplantation in coronary artery, there were a significant decrease in cardiac end-systolic volume (ESV), cardiac end-diastolic volume (EDV) and motion index of left ventricle wall, but a significant increase in LVEF(P

AIM　To investigate protective effects and mechanism of tanshinones on ischemia-like injury models. METHODS　Six ischemia models including hypoxia, hypoglucose, oxidant injury, caffeine injury, nitric oxide neurotoxicity and excitatory amino acid injury were used to assay the anti-ischemic roles of tanshinones in cultured primary cortex neurons. The changes of injuried cortex neurons were observed by the way of morphological examination, and live neurons of crystal violet staining were measured according to absorbent index. RESULTS　It was found that tanshinones possessed obvious protective effects on primary neurons in injury models by the way of morphological examination. Crystal violet staining also indicated that tanshinones increased number of live neurons in injury models significantly. The protective effects of tanshinones on models of oxidant injury, caffeine injury and NMDA injury were superior to other injury models. CONCLUSIONS　83.0 μmol*L-1 tanshinones protected rat cortex cells from all injury models effectively in vitro.

There are many subjects related to anesthesiology and the band between anesthesiology and clinical practicevery is close. So students can not be proficient in anesthesiology by traditional teaching methods. The use of three-dimensional case teaching method in anaesthesiology teaching is a good attemptment. three-dimensional case teaching method integrate case method, multimedia technology and clinical case. It can help medical students analyze and solve clinical problems, improvetheir academic performance and enhance their clinical basic skills.