OBJECTIVE: To discuss the limitation of the current TRIPS due to local protection and to seek for a balance between drug patent protection and public health.METHODS: The related clauses in TRIPS in terms of protection on drug patent and public health were introduced,and Nordhaus' model was used to analyze the conflict between drug patent protection and public health.RESULTS: The area with minimum level of drug patent protection can't be enlarged infinitely geographically.CONCLUSIONS: Preferential policies should be given to the developing countries to secure the public health while strengthening the drug patent protection gradually.

Child ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Dystrophin ; genetics ; Exons ; Humans ; Male ; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ; genetics ; Mutation

Objective To observe the protective effects of Baicalin(BAC)on myelin in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE).Methods Rats were randomly divided into groups normal control(NC),EAE,Dexamethasone(DXM)and Baicalin(BAC).7 d post immunization,DXM or BAC were given intraperitoneally in groups DXM or BAC respectively once a day for 1 week;Incidence was observed postimmunization daily.The spinal cords were removed 14 d postimmunization,and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.MBP of spinal cords was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results(1)The onset of EAE latency phase were 9.62 d,11.0 d and 9.85 d in groups EAE,DXM and BAC espectively.There was significant longer in group DXM than group EAE(P

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlative factors for organic psychotic symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: In the current study, 391 subjects who had undergone forensic identification of the organic mental disorders due to TBI were included, both the demographic and post-traumatic information collected. The relevant data were statistically analyzed in those confirmed as organic psychotic syndrome according to Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders 3rd version (CCMD-3). RESULTS: Fifty-two subjects (13.3%) were identified as organic psychotic symptoms. The chi-square test showed that the detectable organic psychotic symptoms were associated with the marriage status, damage nature, injury severity and treatment, and the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed good fitness of treatment and injury severity with the regression model (OR = 0.044, 95% CI: 0.017-0.114; OR = 2.145, 95% CI: 1.201-3.832, respectively). CONCLUSION The risks of organic psychotic symptoms following TBI can be involved in the alternative of craniotomy for the cases with trauma and moderate brain injury.
Brain Injuries/psychology* ; Humans ; Psychotic Disorders/etiology* ; Risk ; Syndrome

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Solvents ; analysis ; chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; analysis ; chemistry

Objective To determine the genetic diversity of germplasm resource in cultivated and wild Cistanche deserticola. Methods Fifty-eight samples from three populations of cultivated and wild C. deserticola were analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) DNA markers, and the gene- tic diversity was evaluated by PopGen32. Results The average percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) of cultivated C. deserticola is 79.16%. The PPL of wild population is 89.53%. Average Neis gene diversity index (He) from four populations was 0.193 8, Shannons genetic diversity index (I) was 0.300 4, and genetic differentiation index (Gst) was 0.097 9. Conclusion The diversities of cultivated and wild C. deserticola are both higher and theres no differentiation between them. It shows that genetic diversity of inner-species is higher, which is not the reason for endangerment. Therefore, wild nursery and artificial cultivating are the best measures for the conservation and sustainable utilization in C.deserticola.

The fermentation conditions which affect C-15? hydroxylation o f 18-methyl-estr- 4-ene-3,17-dione were investigated. As the key step in the Hydroxylation, the dissolution of substrate was focused on. Tween80, MeOH, DMSO,?-CD and 2-HP?CD were studied to improve the dissolvability of 18-met hyl-estr-4-ene-3,17-dione.The other factors such as pH, substrate concent ration and aeration strategies which affected conversion rate were also resea rched. As a result, the conversion rate can be up to 60% in shake flask and ach i(eve 50% in fermentor,which would overcome the disadvantage of 15?-hydroxyl -18-methyl-estr-4-ene-3,17-dione chemosynthesis and provide a good techn ics to industry.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; ethnology ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; genetics

AIM: (1) To investigate the effect of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) on rabbit conjunctival surface reconstruction with severe alkali burns. (2) To evaluate the possibility of AMT treatment for ocular alkali burns during recovering stage.METHODS: Animal models were established on 30 eyes of rabbits by creating severe alkali burns on the conjunctiva from the upper corneal limbus to the upper conjunctival fornix.Preserved human amniotic membrane transplantations and reconstruction of conjunctival fornix were performed at one week after injury (recovering stage). Epithelium growth of burned area after transplantation was observed using light microscope at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks. Conjunctival tissue in transplantation area was collected at 1, 4 and 8 weeks. The ultrastructure of the collected tissue was studied by electron microscope. The results were compared with control group,which received only vitamin C subconjunctival injection and antibiotic eye drops as treatment for alkali burn. Exterior eye pictures were also taken at the end of the observation, the width from upper corneal limbus to the edge of upper fornix was measured. Data was analyzed statistically.RESULTS: 1) Tn the transplant group, conjunctival epithelium growth was observed in the area of AMT under both light and electron microscope 1 week after surgery. At 4weeks, conjunctival epithelium with goblet cells that resembled normal conjunctival tissues was observed in the whole amniotic membrane area. At 12 weeks, the conjunctival epithelium on the amniotic membrane was well formed, and the connective tissue under the epithelium was loose at the fornix. No fibrosis was identified. In contrast, conjunctival epithelium necrosis was observed in the control group at 2weeks after alkali burns. Re-epithelization did not occur through the 12-week observation. Severe fibrosis with inflammatory cells infiltration was observed between 4 to 8weeks. At 12 weeks, fibrosis of the connective tissue at the fornix developed and there were no conjunctival epithelium covering the burned area. 2) In the transplant group, the conjunctiva in transplanted area had no scarring and appeared smooth at 12 weeks. Upper fornix was reconstructed. The depth of fornix was 7.9±0.3mm (7.6-8.2mm), which was approximate to the normal depth 8.2±0.2mm (8.0-8.4 mm,P＞.05). While in the control group, the burned area appeared rough with granuloma formation and severe scarring. Upper fornix became shallow. The depth of fornix was 3.1±1.7mm(1.0 to 4.5mm.), and significant difference was found between control and transplant group (P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Human amniotic membrane preserved in glycerin can promote cell adhering, migrating and differentiating of normal conjunctival epithelium.Reconstruction of conjunctival surface in early stage of alkali burn can be achieved by AMT. AMT can effectively prevent symblepharon formation.

OBJECTIVETo design and apply the instruments for implantation of transarticular screws in low cervical spine and to evaluate the value.

METHODSTwo cadavers were used to explore the value of the instruments. Seventeen patients who suffered from cervical diseases were also included in the group,sixty-eight transarticular screws inserted by use of the instruments.

RESULTSAll transarticular screws were implanted ease in the low cervical spine without split of facets,guided by the instruments. All patients were followed up three to twelve months. Neither neurologic deficit nor failure of internal fixation was found due to implantation of transarticular screws.

CONCLUSIONTransarticular screws can be inserted safely and smoothly guided by the instruments, which have values to be introduced widely.

Bone Screws ; Cervical Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Equipment Design ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; Prosthesis Implantation ; instrumentation