Objective To investigate the expression and significance of tumor necorisis factor related apoptosis induled ligand receptor(TRAILR) in human craniopharyngioma.Methods The expression of TRAILR was determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in 24 samples of craniopharyngioma and 16 samples of normal brain tissue.Results With low decoy receptor(DcR) expression in partial craniopharyngioma cells and low death receptor(DR) expression in partial normal brain cells,DR was expressed highly in all craniopharyngioma samples while DcR in most normal brain tissue. High DR expression and low DcR expression in craniopharyngioma tissue differed from low DR expression and high DcR expression in normal brain tissue(P

Objectives To clarify the basic data such as prevalent range,regiohal characteristics and the population at risk of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis in China.Methods Comprehensive survey for basic information was conducted in the provinces and autonomous regions where drinking brick-tea type fluorosis Wag prevalent,ineluding Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Tibet Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province,Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province,Gansu Province,Ningxia Autonomous Region and Yunan Province.The survey included the number ot counties(cifies)and townships(towns)where the people were accustomed to drinking brick-tea,pepulation,ethnic minority composition,the production and living style,sales and the kinds of brick-tea aIn so on.Results Two hundred and forty-one counties and 3246 townships were found to haye the habit 0f drinking brick-tea,among which 87.46%(2839/3246)had the habit for more than 30 years.There were 31 684 administrative vilages(residents' committees),15 047 elementary schools and 2873 temples surveyed,coveting a total population of 31 052 398 and 122 739 monks.Fifty-three ethnic minorities were involved.Han accounted for 44.86%(12 902 710/31 052 398), Uighur ethnic for 20.98%(7 416 474/31 052 398),Tibetan ethnic for 13.34%(4 323 272/31 052 398),Muslim ethnicfor 8.15%(2 767 603/31 052 398),Mongolian ethnic for 4.61%(1 400 206/31 052 398),Kazak ethnicfor 3.45% (1 218 272/31 052 398),of the population of drinking brick-tea,farmer population accounted for 64.13%(19 912 833/ 31 052 398),herdsman population for 8.79%(2 728 418/31 052 398),farmer-herdsman population for 12.53%(3 889 678/ 31 052 398)and town population for 14.56%(4 521 169/31 052 398).There Was 3926.74 tons of brick-tea sold per year in the investigated regions,mainly of Fu brick-tea,Green brick-tea and Black brick-tea.Areas with high brick- tea consumption distributed mainly in farmer region and farmer-herdsman region.Annual per capita consumption of brick-tea for farmers was 3.77 kg,and for farmer-herdsman population was 2.05 kg.Conclusions Begions with the habit of drinking brick-tea distributes extensively in western China and cover a huge population,and the herdsmen and farmer-herdsman are the main risk population.Drinking brick-tea type fluorosis is a seriolls public health issue in western China.

In this study, we use pot experiment to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulator on plant morphology and biomass allocation of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Different concentrations of uniconazole were supplied to S. miltioohiza by means of foliar spray. Height, breadth and stem diameter were measured dynamically, the biomass of leaf, stem, flower and fruit, root biomass and biomass ratio were also examined at the harvest time. Owing to the treatment, plant morphology showed significant changes, the height had been greatly reduced and the breadth decreased largely. Meanwhile, the biomass allocation changed too. The biomass ratio of leaf and stem had been notably reduced while the biomass ratio of root had been increased remarkably. It appears that foliar application of uniconazole during vigorous growth period in S. miltioohiza has dramatic effect on dwarfing plant and improving resistant to lodging. This measure could also be applied to condensed cultivation of S. miltioohiza to increase production.
Biomass ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plant Leaves ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Plant Roots ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Plant Stems ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Triazoles ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the change of pesticide residues in Chinese dietary through analysis on results of the pesticide residues in the Chinese total diet study carried out the first in 1990.

METHODSOrganochlorine, such as HCH and DDT of 9 groups and 15 organophosphorus pesticide residues of 3 groups in four regions of China were determined by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) respectively. According to the amount of pesticide residues in various foods and the amount of food consumption in different areas, we calculated the amount of dietary intake of pesticide residues, then compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI). The contaminated samples were validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

RESULTSResults showed that the total dietary daily intake of HCH per person was decreasing from 5.04 micro g in 1990 to 3.11 micro g in 2000, where as the total dietary daily intake of DDT per person was decreasing from 20.47 micro g in 1990 to 2.15 micro g in 2000. The result was less than 1 percent difference of PTDI (0.01 mg/kg bw) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in 2000. Compared to the results in 1990, the intake of HCH from animal foods increased a little, due to the contaminated of aquatic products by Lindan in the second Southern region and the first Northern region. None of the organophosphorous pesticide residues analyzed were detected in cereals, vegetables and fruits.

CONCLUSIONThe intake level of pesticide residues in Chinese dietary in 2000 was considered to be low, and the abuse of organophosphorous pesticide seemed to be under effective control.

Animals ; China ; DDT ; analysis ; Edible Grain ; chemistry ; Fish Products ; analysis ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Humans ; Insecticides ; analysis ; Lindane ; analysis ; Pesticide Residues ; analysis ; Seafood ; analysis ; Vegetables ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study technique and clinical therapeutic effects of internal fixation with three-column plates for the treatment of complex tibial plateau fractures through antero-midline and postero-medial approaches.

METHODSFrom January 2010 to December 2012, 28 patients with complex tibial plateau fractures were treated with internal fixation using three-column plates through antero-midline and postero-medial approaches. There were 17 males and 11 females, with an average age of 45.3 years old (ranged, 28 to 64 years old). Twelve patients had injuries in the left side and 16 patients had injuries in the right side. According to Schatzker classification, 12 patients were type V, 16 patients were type VI. According to three-column classification, all the patients had injuries of lateral, medial and posterior columns. The mean interval from injury to operation was 9.4 days (ranged, 6 to 15 days). The main clinical symptoms were knee joint swelling, deformity and limitation of motion before operation. The X-ray and CT showed all patients had complex tibial plateau fractures, which involved in the lateral, medial and posterior columns. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by fracture healing time, hospital for special surgery knee score (HSS) at one year after operation. The indexes such as tibial plateau-tibial shaft angle (TPA), posterior slope angle (PA) and femoral-tibial angle (FfA) were compared between immediate postoperation and one year after operation.

RESULTSAll incisions primarily healed without postoperative complications such as infection and cutaneous necrosis. All the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 12 to 24 months, with a mean of 18.1 months. The bone union time ranged from 5 to 10 months (mean, 7.8 months) after operation. Knee joint swelling and pain disappeared after bony union, and joint function completely recovered. The results of hospital for special surgery knee score (HSS) was 27.81 ± 2.17 in pain, 19.52 ± 2.05 in function,15.82 ± 1.73 in passive range of motion, 8.51 ± 1.32 in muscle strength, 8.33 ± 1.08 in flexion deformity, 9.36 ± 0.52 in joint stability, and the total mean score was 89.35 ± 3.19. According to results of HSS, 20 patients got an excellent result, 5 good,2 fair and 1 poor. There were no significant differences in tibial plateau-tibial shaft angle (TPA), posterior slope angle (PA) and femoral-tibial angle (FTA) between immediate postoperation and one year after operation.

CONCLUSIONThree-column plate internal fixation for the treatment of complex tibial plateau fractures through antero-midline and posteromedial approaches is effective to achieve anatomic reduction,rigid internal fixation and early functional exercise.

Adult ; Bone Plates ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tibial Fractures ; physiopathology ; surgery

In this paper the contents of rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, crytotanshinone, tanshinone II(A) in samples of different original processed Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were determined by HPLC. Different processing methods have varied influences on four active ingredients in Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Sun-drying reduced the content of crytotanshinone, tanshi-none II(A) and rosmarinic acid, integralsamples were better than those cut into segments. Oven dry method had great influence on water--soluble ingredients, high temperature (80-100 degrees C) could easily cause big loss of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B. The role of traditional processing method "fahan: was complicated, the content of rosmarinic acid decreased, crytotanshinone and tanshinone II(A) increased, and salvianolic acid B showed no difference after "fahan". Drying in the shade and oven dry under low temperatrure (40-60 degrees C) were all effective to keep active ingredients of Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and, there was no difference between integral samples and samples cut into segments. Therefore, considering comprehensively the content of active ingredients in Salvia Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and processing costing etc., shade-drying or oven dry underlow temperature (40-60 degrees C) should be the most suitable original processing method.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Hot Temperature ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo explore the impact of ideal health behaviors and health factors on the detection rate of the carotid plaques.

METHODSSubjects with previous stroke, TIA, myocardial infarction were excluded from the study. A total of 5852 employees (active and retired employers from Tangshan Kailuan company) aged 40 years and over were included through stratified random sampling. Information was obtained from the unified questionnaire, measurements of blood biochemistry and carotid artery ultrasonography.

RESULTS(1) The carotid artery plaque detection rates were 67.0%, 52.3%, 50.5%, 44.3%, 37.2%, 31.9%, 26.1% and 4.2% in the groups with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 components of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and health factors, respectively. (2) The carotid artery plaques total burden score [TBS: M (Q1, Q3)] were 7(7,7), 7(5,7), 7(5,7), 5(3,5), 5(3,5), 5(3,5), 3(3,3), 3(3,3) in the groups with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 components of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and health factors, respectively. (3) Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that 3, 4, 5 and greater than 5 components of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and health factors were protective factors against carotid plaques compared to less than 2 components of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors (all P < 0.05), the OR (95%CI) values were 0.78 (0.62 - 0.98), 0.53(0.62 - 0.98), 0.52 (0.39 - 0.71) and 0.40 (0.25 - 0.64), respectively.

CONCLUSIONIncreasing ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors are negatively linked with the detection rate and TBS of the carotid plaques.

Adult ; Aged ; Carotid Stenosis ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Ultrasonography

The current situation of plant extract in domestic and international market was analyzed in the paper. The quality control of 20 plant extracts which have reasonably good sales in USA market was compared and analyzed. The analysis of the quality control of six plant extracts indicated that there were two main reasons leading to the varied quality specifications among different suppliers. One reason was that the plant species utilized by different companies were different. The other reason was that the extraction processes were different among different production plants. Comparing with the significant international suppliers of plant extracts, the product quality of Chinese companies were not satisfactory. It was suggested that chromatography and chromatographic fingerprint techniques should be applied to improve the quality control standard of plant extract in our country.
Anthocyanins ; isolation & purification ; China ; Chromatography ; methods ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Proanthocyanidins ; isolation & purification ; Quality Control ; Species Specificity ; Vaccinium ; chemistry ; Vitis ; chemistry

OBJECTIVESTo establish a transplanted tumor producing HCV NS3 protein in mice and study the therapeutic effect of minigene vaccine based on invariant chain substitution.

METHODSSP2/0-NS3 cells expressing HCV NS3 antigen were injected subcutaneously into BALB/ c mice. After three days of inoculation, different therapeutical reagents were injected intramuscularly into different groups of mice. The boost immunization was carried out two weeks after the first immunization. The efficiency of HCV NS3 Th1 minigene vaccine was estimated after 60 days observation.

RESULTSFor saline, pCI-neo, pHCV-NS3 and pHCV-NS3-Th1 treated groups, the induction period needed for tumor growth was 16.17+/-2.55, 14.40+/-1.82, 16.75+/-2.36, and 24.00+/-5.57 days (t =2.623, P =0.034 vs saline, t =3.713, P =0.010 vs pCI-neo and t =2.425, P =0.045 vs pHCV-NS3) respectively. The tumorigenesis rates were 100%, 100%, 57.1% (8/14, chi2 = 6.190, P = 0.013 vs saline and chi2 = 6.608, P = 0.010 vs pCI-neo) and 46.7% (7/15, chi2 = 9.707, P = 0.002 vs saline and chi2 = 10.311, P = 0.001 vs pCI-neo ) respectively. The survival rates were 0, 0, 50.0% (7/14, chi2 = 5.787, P = 0.016 vs saline and chi2 = 9.333, P = 0.002 vs pCI-neo) and 53.3% (8/15, chi2 = 6.651, P = 0.010 vs saline and chi2 = 10.311, P = 0.001 vs pCI-neo) respectively. The average tumor diameter of the pHCV-NS3-Th1 treated group was significantly smaller compared with the control groups and the pHCV-NS3 treated group (P =0.001). Moreover, the average survival time of tumor-bearing mice immunized with pHCV-NS3-Th1 was 6 days longer compared with the saline treated group, 12 days longer compared with the pCI-neo treated group (P =0.001), and 6 days compared with the pHCV-NS3 treated group.

CONCLUSIONHCV NS3 Th1 epitope vaccine might be a potential biotherapy candidate against HCV infection.

Animals ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Multiple Myeloma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Random Allocation ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; therapeutic use ; Viral Hepatitis Vaccines ; therapeutic use ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a new class of therapeutics composed of a monoclonal antibody and small cytotoxin moieties conjugated through a chemical linker. ADC molecules bind to the target antigens expressed on the tumor cell surfaces guided by the monoclonal antibody component. The binding ADC molecules can be internalized and subsequently the toxin moieties can be released within the tumor cells via chemical and/or enzymatic reactions to kill the target cells. The conjugation combines the merits of both components, i.e., the high target specificity of the monoclonal antibody and the highly potent cell killing activity of the cytotoxin moieties. However, such complexities make the pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of ADCs highly challenging. The major challenges should include characterization of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, investigation of underlying mechanisms, assessment of pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic relationship, and analytical method development of ADC drugs. This review will discuss common pharmacokinetic issues and considerations, as well as tools and strategies that can be utilized to characterize the pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties of ADCs.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; pharmacokinetics ; Cytotoxins ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Immunoconjugates ; pharmacokinetics ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy