WHO has issued three editions of pathologic classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma in 1973,1999 and 2004.The 1973 version classification had been widely and the longest applied.However,WHO 2004 classification had been prevalent in past years.There were two issues in the applications of WHO 2004 classification.On one hand,there were some difficulties in quick grading in a given case.On the other hand,there were some misunderstandings in the conversion of different WHO classification.In this article,the changes of different pathologic classification of bladder urothelial carcinoma were reviewed and the outline of different pathologic classification was generalized.The criterion of all the systems was cell anaplasia.In WHO 1973 version classification,the definition of the various grades was vague.It was relatively precise in WHO 1999 classification.However,the grading of Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ in WHO 1999 classification still remained confusions.The major changes in WHO 2004 classification was that this system divided urothelial carcinoma into low-and high-grade,which may solve the heterogenesis of grade Ⅱ in the other two classifications.

ncing analysis validated that all four-type base-quenched probes could provide unbiased genotyping results ( Kappa =1, P=0.00), although. Conclusion This method is simple, economic and suitable for large-scale genotyping studies.

Exosomes are nanosized membrane microvesicles secreted by various living cells.They contain proteins,lipids,RNA,and a variety of other biological macromolecules.Exosomes play an important role in many pathological and physiological processes,such as antigen presentation in the immune system,repair of damaged tissues,and growth and migration of tumors.Tumor-derived or tumor-associated exosomes play a vital role in regulating the occurrence and development of tumors.The analysis and detection of exosomes in tumors is helpful for the early diagnosis of tumors and provide new treatment methods.This article reviews exosomes' origin,composition,and functions in the development,migration,diagnosis,and treatment of tumors and provides new ideas for the treatment of tumors.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) combined with GnRH analogue (GnRH-a) in the treatment of adenomyosis with uterine body enlargement.

METHODSTwelve women (mane age 40.3 years) with adenomyosis and uterine cavity depth over 11 cm received injections of GnRH-a every 4 weeks, and after the uterine cavity depth was reduced to below 10 cm, LNG-IUS was deployed. VAS pain score, PBAC bleeding score, uterine volume, and hemoglobin levels of the women were measured before the treatment and at 6 and 12 months after LNG-IUS placement.

RESULTSThe VAS pain score was significantly lowered at 6 and 12 month after LNG-IUS placement (P<0.05), and the PBAC bleeding score also showed significant reductions (P<0.05). The uterine volume decreased significantly at 6 and 12 months after LNG-IUS placement as compared with that before the treatment, but was significantly greater at 6 month in comparison with that at the time of LNG-IUS placement (P<0.05). Serum hemoglobin levels underwent significant increments after LNG-IUS placement (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONLNG-IUS combined with GnRH analogue injection can be effective in the treatment of adenomyosis with dysmenorrhea and hypermenorrhea.

Adult ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Endometriosis ; drug therapy ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Levonorgestrel ; administration & dosage ; Uterine Diseases ; drug therapy

One new dicyclopeptide cyclo-(L-N-methyl Glu-L-N-methyl Glu) (1), together with one new natural dicyclopeptide cyclo-(L-methyl Glu ester-L-methyl Glu ester) (2), and two known dicyclopeptides cyclo-(L-methyl Glu ester-L-Glu) (3), and cyclo-(L-Glu-L-Glu) (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Dianthus chinensis L. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods.
Dianthus ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Cell separation technology is an important means for cell sorting and cell-population purification. It is the current international research hot spot in biochemical analysis which has very important applications in many fields such as biology, medicine, agriculture and environment. This review introduces the development status of cell separation using microfluidic chip based on dielectrophoresis. It expounds the working principle of dielectrophoresis and the key factors such as cell size, electrode shape and signals that impacts the dielectrophoresis of cell separation on different types of microfluidic chip. Finally, it forecasts the future development trend of cell separation using microfluidic chip based on dielectrophoresis.

Purpose To investigate the expression of XBP-1s and ADRP in kidney of diabetic rats. Methods Diabetic rat models were successfully established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. After two months rats were sacrificed and XBP-1s and ADRP were de-tected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results XBP-1s and ADRP were located in renal tubular cells and increased by a-bout 2. 017 times and 1. 544 times in comparison with normal control rats (P<0. 05). Moreover, it was shown that high expression of XBP-1s was commonly accompanied with increased ADRP by Pearson correlation analysis and the correlation coefficient was 0. 723 (P<0. 05). Conclusion The increased XBP-1s may cause the up-regulation of ADRP in the kidney of diabetic rats.

Bacteria isolated from rotten hides,one identified as Pseudomonas aeraginosa later, were shown to decompose fresh hides completely in 48 hours at room temperature. Strongly collagenolytic activity was detected when native collagen from calfskin was used as substrate. The optimal reaction pH value and temperature of the collagenace produced by P.aeraginosa are 7.5 and 32℃ respectively. EDTA and EGTA inhabit the collagenolytic activity severely while PMSF has little effect on it. Not only media components but also fermentation conditions have differents effect on the production of this collagenolyic enzyme.

Objective To investigate the pathologic features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) in urinary bladder. Methods It was retrospectively reviewed for the characters of pathologic features and immunohistochemistry type in 3 patients diagnosed IMT in urinary bladder. Results 3 patients including 1 female and 2 male were 15, 36 and 60 years old (mean age 37),respectively. All patients underwent partial cystectomy. All cases presented single or multiple, polypoid or nodular mass(es), ranging in size from 1.8 to 5.5 cm. Microscopically, the tumor cell grew in invasive pattern, and were spindled with prominent nucleoli. The lesions varied from highly myxoid to highly cellular lesions. The mitotic rates were invisible. AE1/AE3, CK18 and ALK were positive in IMT. Follow-up was available for 3 patients (2, 18 and 18 months, respectively). None developed recurrences or metastasis. Conclusion IMT in urinary bladder are rare tumors. IMT grows in invasive pattern, and are spindled with prominent nucleoli.The main differential diagnosis of IMT includes embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in juvenile, sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma and leiomyosarcoma in adult.

Objective To explore the effect of Okam on airway inflammation in asthmatic mouse.Methods Thirty-two SPF grade Kunming Strain mice were randomly divided into positive control group,glucocorticoid inhalation group,Okam group and negative control group with 8 mice in each group.The mice were sensitized and repeatedly challenged with ovalbumin(OVA) to establish the models of chronic asthma.The glucocorticoid group were given Budesonide(200 ?g) and saline everyday by inhalation,the Okam group were given 50 mg/kg Okam by gavage,and the positive group had saline at the same time,the negative control group received saline at all stages.The inflammation of the lung tissue were scored underwent HE staining.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) cell count and differential were studied,and interferon-?(IFN-?),interleukin-4(IL-4) in BALF were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results There were no inflammatory cell infiltrate of bronchiole in the negative control group.Inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue were obvious in the positive control group.Inflammatory infiltration of lung tissue lightened obviously in the Budesonide and Okam groups.The total cell number,Eosinophils(EOS) and IL-4 level in BALF,and the score of the lung tissue in Okam group were all markedly lower than those in positive control group(t=5.942,7.089,7.078 Pa0.05),IFN-? lower(t=4.275 P