The HIV-1 capsid protein plays a crucial role in viral infectivity, assembling into a fullerene cone that encloses the viral RNA and it has gained attention as a promising therapeutic target. Research has been focused on the spatial structures of capsid proteins in recent years, and peptides and small molecules targeting capsid have been discovered. In this article, it summarizes the structure information of capsid protein, analyzes and compares the binding information of different peptides and small molecules targeting capsid. At the same time we give the perspective to the future drug discovery based on the protein-protein interaction during the maturation process.
Capsid ; chemistry ; Drug Discovery ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; HIV-1 ; chemistry

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most highly malignant digestive system cancers,and current therapeutic strategies are often unsatisfactory.It is associated with a high mortality rate because of low resection rate,early metastasis,and poor chemoradiotherapy response.Identification and development of more efficacious therapies is urgently needed.The basic research promoted the development of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer,and immunotherapy offered encouraging results in some preclinical trials during the last decade.The aim of this review is to summarize the recent advances in immunotherapy and to evaluate the future perspectives of immunotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

This paper preliminary explores how to give full play to subjective creativity of Chinese medical physicans,promotes clinical curative effects and then develops Chinese medical theories by evaluating the relation between manifestation pattern of diagnositic thoughts and subjectivity,contents of therapeutic thoughts and subjectivity.The normalization,systematize and science of TCM theories are important for guiding clinical thoughts.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells(CD4+CD25+Tregs),a suppressor T cell population,have been shown to play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and the prevention of autoimmunity.This review summarizes the characteristics and mechanism,as well as their role in rheumatoid arthritis(RA).An understanding of these issues is likely to facilitate the development of CD4+CD25+Tregs-cell-based therapies for the treatment of RA.

Objective:To evaluated the subcutaneous nephrovesical bypass carried out in patients with ureter obstruction and improve the quality of life of patients with palliative definitive percutaneous nephrostomy.Methods:A total of 36 patients with advanced cancer receiving 45 subcutaneous nephrovesical bypass tubes were included in the study.Uronephrosis ranged from 1.8-5.2 cm,serum creatinine 73-760 ?mol/L,and glomerular filtration rate(GFR) 19-26 mL/min.The obstruction was proved to be complete by retrograde pyelography.The nephrovesical stents were inserted utilizing percutaneous access to both of the kidney and bladder,and a subcutaneous tunnel was created between the two sites.B-ultrasound,KUB(kidneys,ureters,and bladder),serum creatinine test and GFR were carried out 72 hours after operation.Results:Urinary diversion operations were successful in the 36 patients,uronephrosis ranged from 0-1.8 cm,all stents were in position,serum creatinine 72-173 ?mol/L,GFR 25-40 mL/min after the operation,and the bypass functioned well in 45 stents for 67 to 481 days of the follow-up.Conclusion:Subcutaneous nephrovesical bypass can protect renal function of patients suffering from ureteral obstruction by simple and minimum invasive operation;it can also reduce complications caused by percutaneous nephrostomy and improve the patient's life quality.

Objective To investigate the influence of autologous blood transfusion on oxygen metabolism in patients undergoing orthopedics surgery. Methods Forty patients 28-65 yr weighing 55-80 kg scheduled for internal fixation of spine were randomly divided into two groups with 20 patients in each group. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous fentanyl , propofol and vecuronium and maintained with inhalation of isoflurane. Patients bleeding less than 600 ml or more than 1 200 ml were excluded. When the loss blood volume was more than 600 ml, the autologous blood of 600 ml obtained from the autotransfusion device was remfused to the patients in group A, the heterogenous blood of 600 ml was transfused in group B, The radial and pulmonary arteries were cannulated for measurement of hemodynamics and blood gas analysis. The cardiac index, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction ratio were calculated and blood lactate concentration was measured immediately before anesthesia , after infusion of autologous or heterogenous blood, at the end of the operation and one day after the operation respectively. Results Compared with the baseline, only oxygen delivery increased significantly after infusion autologous blood or heterogenous blood, at the end of the operation in both groups ( P 0.05) . As compared with that in group B, oxygen extraction ratio decreased significantly in group A ( P 0.05). Conclusion Upon condition that bleeding volumes is limited (600-1 200 ml) in patient undergoing orthopedic surgery, autologous blood transfusion technique can provide enough oxygen for tissue metabolism.

Objective To investigate the clinical applications of nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) and urine cytology in early diagnosis,monitoringrecurrence and determining prognosis of bladder cancer.Methods Ninty-six urine specimens,including 45 cases before the resection of bladder cancer (pathologically confirmed),20 cases after the resection of bladder cancer and 31 cases with benign urinary tract condition,were both selected in detecting NMP22 by enzyme-linked i mmunosorbent assay (ELISA),and the results were compared with urinary cytology by x2 test.Results The NMP22 content of 45 cases before the resection of bladder cancer was 9.3 to 112.5 U/mL,the median was 48.7 U/mL.The NMP22 content of 31 cases with benign urinary tract condition was from 2.1 to 14.7 U/mL,the median was 7.9 U/mL.The NMP22 content of 20 cases after the resection of bladder cancer was from 4.3 to 18.7 U/mL,the median was 8.9 U/mL.The median of NMP22 before the resection of bladder cancer was significantly higher than the median in patients with benign urinary,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Considering NMP22 ≥ 10 U/mL as the critical value,the sensitivity of the NMP22 in diagnosing bladder cancer was 82.2％ and the specificity was 70.9％.And the sensitivity of urine cytology was 31.1％ and the specificity was 100％.The recurrence of 9 cases was confirmed by cystoscopy in 20 cases after the resection of bladder cancer.Conclusion The NMP22 can be a effective biomarker in the early screeningand postoperative follow-up of bladder cancer.

pH-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) are currently under intense development as carriers of drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Of these NPs, those that are designed to target the slightly acidic extracellular pH environment (pHe~6.8) of solid tu-mors offer a new paradigm of tumor-targeted drug delivery. Compared with conventional, specific, surface-targeting approaches, the pHe-targeting strategy is considered to be more general because of the common occurrence of an acidic microenvironment in solid tu-mors. This review mainly focuses on the design and applications of pHe-activated NPs, particularly on pHe-activated surface-charge re-versal NPs, for drug and siRNA delivery to tumors. The novel development of NPs described in this review has high potential for achieving stronger therapeutic effects in cancer treatment.

Objective: To find a method of the use and supply of medical equipment for emergency rescue. Methods:In the process of rescue, the equipment department establishs the emergency operation mode and first-aid equipment supply system under the unified leadership of the hospital rescue headquarters. Results: By establishing the emergency operation mode and first-aid equipment supply system, the unified deployment of medical equipments has been implemented. Conclusion: Sudden catastrophic events occur suddenly, injure many people, use the method of centralized supplement of medical equipment, the clinical equipment can be assembled in a short time to guarantee the need of clinical rescue.

Objective To observe exposure rates of hydroxyapatite artificial eye by comparing hydroxyapatite prosthesis implantation through lateral rhinotomy approach on the orbit and traditional sclera shell hydroxyapatite prosthesis implantation.Methods After eye content was enucleated at postoperative stage I,75 patients received hydroxyapatite prosthesis implantation,among which 26 received direct sclera shell prosthesis implantation (group A) and 49 received implantation through lateral rhinotomy approach on the orbit (group B).During postoperative follow-up from 6 months to 5 years,exposure rates of hydroxyapatite artificial eye under two operation ways were observed and analyzed by x 2 test.Results According to observation,8 cases were exposed in the group A,and 2 cases were repaired by fascia and conjunctival repair.Six cases were healed by prosthesis and sclera replacement.In group B,only 1 case was exposed slightly and recovered after simple conjunctival repair.The incidence of the eye exposure rate using two kinds of operation methods in group A is significantly higher than that in group B (P ＜ 0.05) The difference was statistically significant.Conclusion The exposure of hydroxyapatite artificial eye can be effectively avoided and postoperative complications can be reduced by hydroxyapatite prosthesis implantation through lateral rhinotomy approach on the orbit among patients with severe eyeball ruptures,painful eyeballs of no light perception and atrophy eyes.