This study is to compare the influence of CYP2D6 *3 and *4 genotypes and phenotypes on the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 in Chinese Han, Uygur and Kazakh ethnic groups. Allele specific amplification (ASA) was used to determine the CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4 genotypes. Phenotypes of CYP2D6 in all subjects were determined using dextromethorphan as probe drug by HPLC methods. Among the 132 Han subjects, one subject (0.76%) exhibited the *1/*3 combination, and one (0.76%) exhibited the *1/*4. Among the 136 Uygur subjects, 4 subjects (2.94%) showed the *1/*3 combination, 12 (8.82%) showed *1/*4, 4 (2.94%) showed *4/*4, and one (0.74%) showed *3/*4. Among the 116 Kazakh subjects, 2 (1.72%) exhibited the *1/*3 combination, 7 (6.03%) exhibited *1/1*4, and one (0.86%) showed *4/*4. This research revealed significant differences in the occurrence frequencies of the CYP2D6 genotype between Han and Uygur ethnic groups, as well as between Uygur and Kazakh populations. However, no difference was found between Han and Kazakh populations. In addition, the prevalence of PMs of the Uygur is comparable to that of the Caucasians. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the poor metabolism is different in these two populations.

Objective To determine the efficacy and safety of the 308nm excimer laser in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods A Self-controlled study was conducted. The vitiligo lesions in stable stage of 75 patients were treated twice a week by the 308 nm excimer laser for 6 weeks. The efficacy and factors related to efficacy were evaluated 3 days later after the final treatment. Results No improvement was observed in any of the untreated vitiligo lesions. However, of the treated lesions, 6 completely disappeared, 33 obtained significant improvement, 30 moderate improvement, 6 no improvement. The effective rate was 92.0% and the markedly effective rate was 52.0%. The lesions on the face and neck had a better response to the treatment than those on the trunk or limbs, and the latter responded better than those on the joints of extremities. Conclusion The 308 nm excimer laser is safe and effective in treatment of vitiligo in stable stage and the efficacy is related to the anatomic sites.

Objective To study the effect of methylprednisolone on serum interleukin-1(IL-1),8,10 during immature myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.Methods A total of 70 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group(n=10),model group(n=30)and drug group(n=30).And the later 2 groups were observed at 0.5 h after ischemia and 2,4,8,12,24 h after reperfusion with 5 rats in each group and the control group were observed only at 12 h.The rat model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury(MIRI)was established.Morphology changes were observed and the levels of serum IL-1,8,10 were examined.Results Compared with model group,inflammatory response in drug group weaken clearly,IL-1,8 were lower(Pa

Background: As a traditional Chinese medicine, Cordyceps sinensis (CS) possesses a variety of immunoregulatory properties. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of CS in a mice model of multiple sclerosis (MS)?experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55 to induce EAE, followed by an instant intragastric feeding with a low dosage of CS (low?CS group, n = 5), high dosage of CS (high?CS group, n = 5), or the same volume of normal saline (control group, n = 5).All the mice were observed for clinical assessment. Over the 30 days of CS treatment, flow cytometry was used to detect the frequency of helper T?cell (Th) subsets, Th1 and Th17, and CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. Meanwhile, pathological changes in brain were determined using both hematoxylin?eosin and luxol fast blue staining. Data were analyzed using the one?way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Over the 15 and 30 days of CS treatment, the clinical assessment for EAE demonstrated that both high?CS group (2.51 ± 0.31 and 2.26 ± 0.39 scores, respectively) and low?CS group (2.99 ± 0.40 and 2.69 ± 0.46, respectively) had lower disease severity scores than those of control group (3.57 ± 0.53 and 3.29 ± 0.53, all P < 0.01, respectively). Meanwhile, after 15 and 30 days, the high?CS group (19.18 ± 1.34 g and 20.41 ± 1.56 g, respectively) and low?CS group (18.07 ± 1.18 g and 19.48 ± 1.69 g, respectively) had a lower body weight, as compared with control group (16.85 ± 1.15 g and 18.22 ± 1.63 g, all P < 0.01, respectively).At 30 days post?CS treatment, there was a lower Th1 frequency in the lymph nodes (2.85 ± 1.54% and 2.77 ± 1.07% vs. 5.35 ± 1.34%, respectively; P < 0.05) and spleens (3.96 ± 1.09% and 3.09 ± 0.84% vs. 5.07 ± 1.50%, respectively; P < 0.05) and less inflammatory infiltration and demyelination in the brain of CS?treated mice than that of control group. Conclusions: Our preliminary study demonstrated that CS efficiently alleviated EAE severity and EAE?related pathology damage and decreased the number of Th1s in the periphery, indicating its effectiveness in the treatment of murine EAE. Thus, our findings strongly support the therapeutic potential of this agent as a new traditional Chinese medicine approach in MS treatment.

Objective To investigate the state of endemic fluorosis, running status of water improvement project to reduce fluoride in Jiangsu province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of endemic fluorosis. Methods In 2008, in the ten key counties of endemic fluorosis (zone), in Xuzhou,Lianyungang and Suqian, a stratified sampling method was employed to select 40 diseased villages according to their past water fluoride survey data. All children aged 8 to 12 were examined dental fluorosis, and all adults over 16 years were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis. Thirty per cent of the 40 diseased villages were selected, and 20 adults over the age of 16 in each selected village were examined by X-ray, respectively;50% of the 40 diseased villages were selected, and 30 any time urine samples of children aged 8 to 12 in each diseased village were tested urine fluoride. In each city, select a county, the status of water improvement project to reduce fluoride, water supply capacity and coverage in the county were investigated. Results A total of 3560 children aged 8 to 12 were examined, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 38.51% (1371/3560), tooth defect rate was 5.34% (190/3560), and dental fluorosis index was 0.8. Seven hundred and eight urine samples were tested, the median urinary fluoride was 1.47 mg/L and the range was 0.08 ~ 10.08 mg/L. Clinical detection of skeletal fluorosis was 21.3% among adults over the age of 16, and X-ray detection rate of skeletal fluorosis was 39.2% (123/314).Investigated a total of 248 facilities of centralized water improvement projects, no funds to run or damaged 49, the water fluoride > 1.0 mg/L was 18. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Northern Jiangsu province has not been controlled completely, but has a rising trend, we should further strengthen the supervision of water fluoride reduction.

Background Our previous study demonstrated that epigallocateehin-gallate(EGCG),an active ingredient of green tea,has protective effect on optical nerve after optic nerve crush.Astrocyte was proved to play key role in the repair of nerve tissue,but the influence of EGCG on astrocyte is unclear.Glial flbrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a special marker for astrocyte. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on the expression of GFAP in optic nerve tissue after optic nerve crush. Methods Seventy-two clean Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group,sham+EGCG group,optic nerve crush+normal saline group(vehicle group),optic nerve crush+EGCG group.Optic nerve crush models were established by clamping optical nerve for 60 seconds by minitype optic nerve clipper with the force of 40 gram.Only ocular tissue was cut in the rats in sham group.Normal saline solution or EGCG(25 mg/kg)was intraperitoneally injected daily for 5 days consecutively and orally administered(2 mg/kg)daily afterwards.The expression of GFAP in optic nerve was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified by Western blotting analysis on day 7,14 and 28 after modeling. Results lmmunochemistry showed that GFAP were weakly expressed in the rats of both normal group and sham+EGCG group with the sliSht brown staining in optic nerve tissue.The deeply brown staining for GFAP was seen in vehicle group,and the staining intensity weakened in optic nerve crush+EGCG group compared to vehicle group on days 7,14 and 28 after modeling.Western blotting analysis revealed that the expression level of GFAP in rat optic nerve tissue of vehicle group was significantly enhanced in comparison with normal control group(P＜0.01).On day 7 and 14 after optic nerve modeling,the expression levels of GFAP were evidently decreased in optic nerve crush+EGCG group in comparison with vehicle group(P＜0.05).However,on day 28 after modeling,no significant difference wag found in the expression levels of GFAP between vehicle group and optic nerve erush+EGCG group(P＞0.05). Conclusion EGCG down-regulates optic nerve crush-induced of GFAP in the optic nerve and therefore attenuates the activity of astrocytes,suggesting that EGCG might reduce the formation of glial scar.

Background Researches demonstrated that epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) can protect retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) against damage induced by retinal ischemia-reperfusion and optic nerve crush(ONC),but the effect of EGCG on lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN) was under study.Objective This study was designed to detect neuroprotective effect of EGCG on LGN in the rat model with ONC.Methods Forty-eight 7-week-old female clean Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group,sham operation+EGCG group,ONC+normal saline(NS) group and ONC+EGCG group.ONC models were created by clamping the optical nerve for 60 seconds with the clipper with the force of 40 grams in the right eyes of 24 rats.The EGCG solution(25mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected from 2 days before operation daily for 5 consecutively days and orally administered(2mg/kg) after that,and NS was used in the same way for ONC+NS group.Four weeks after ONC,the brain tissue of the rats was obtained,and the neurons of dorsal LGN(dLGN) were counted by Nissl staining under the light microscopy.The expression of neurofilament triplet L(NF-L) was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.Meanwhile,the neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) positive cells were counted.Results Compared with normal control group,no significant differences were found in neuron number both between sham operation+EGCG group or ipsilateral LGN of operative eyes in ONC+normal saline group and ONC+EGCG group(P=0.906,0.561,0.794,0.646 respectively) in 4 weeks after ONC,but loss of neurons in contralateral LGN in both ONC+normal saline group and ONC+EGCG group were observed(P=0.000,0.015 respectively).However,compared with ONC+normal saline group,the density of neurons in ONC+EGCG group was higher(P=0.007).Moreover,a higher expression level of NF-L protein was seen in ONC+EGCG group compared with ONC+normal saline group at contralateral LGN of operative eyes(P=0.002).Concerning the number of nNOS positive cells in LGN,there was no significant difference among normal control group,sham operation+EGCG group and ONC+EGCG group(P＞0.05).The number of nNOS positive cells in the contralateral LGN of operative eyes of ONC+normal saline group was higher than that of ONC+EGCG group(P=0.000).Conclusion EGCG plays the protective effect on LGN after ONC in rats through mediating the expression of nNOS.

Objective To explore the application value of fetal echocardiography for the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of anomalous pulmonary venous connection (APVC),by comparing the results of prenatal diagnosis of APVC by ultrasound and follow-up.Methods Eighty-one APVC fetuses diagnosed by fetal echocardiography were followed up regularly.These results were compared with postnatal ultrasound diagnosis,operation and anatomy.The main points of methodology and differential diagnosis were summarized.Results Eighty-one APVC fetuses included 68 cases of total APVC(31 cases of supracardiac type,15 cases of intracardiac type,22 cases of infracardiac type),13 cases of Partial APVC(2 cases of supracardiac type,10 cases of intracardiac type,1 case of infracardiac type);12 cases of isolated APVC,69 cases of complex APVC(combined with other cardiovascular abnormalities);6 cases were born(4 infants of isolated APVC survived after operation,2 infants of complex APVC died),2 cases were ongoing pregnancy,71 cases were aborted (30 cases were dissected),2 cases were lost to follow-up.Conclusions Fetal echocardiography has important application value in diagnosis and prognosis assessment of APVC and the ones with other cardiovascular abnormalities.

Objective: To investigate the impact and its possible mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on myocardial collagen remodeling in experimental rats with diabetic mellitus (DM).
Methods: Rat’s DM model was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at 40 mg/kg. A total of 40 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:Control group, DM group, DM+NaHS group, in which NaHS worked as exogenous donor of H2S and NaHS control group. n=10 in each group, all animals were treated for 8 weeks. The cardiac collagen deposition was observed by Masson staining, protein expressions of cardiac collagen types I, III, IV and transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were examined by Western blot analysis.
Results: Compared with Control group, DM group showed increased protein expressions of cardiac collagen types I and III, up-regulated expressions of TGF-β1 and CTGF, P<0.05;while the expressions of collagen type IV were similar between 2 groups. Compared with DM group, DM+NaHS group presented reduced cardiac collagen expression, decreased expression of collagen types I and III, down-regulated expressions of TGF-β1 and CTGF, P<0.05;while the expressions of collagen type IV were similar between 2 groups.
Conclusion: H2S may improve the myocardial collagen remodeling in experimental DM rats, the mechanism might be related to the down-regulation of TGF-β1 and CTGF expression.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To explore the effects of hydrogen sulfide ( H2 S) on the myocardial fibrosis in a rat model of diabetes and its mechanism.METHODS:Single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin ( STZ) was utilized to establish a rat model of diabetes.Sodium hydrosulfide was used as an exogenous donor of hydrogen sulfide.Male SD rats were ran-domly divided into control group, STZ group, STZ+H2 S group and H2 S group.Eight weeks later, HE and VG staining methods were used to observe the collagen distribution and collagen volume fraction was measured by image analysis.The expression levels of type I collagen, PPARγand NF-κB in the cardiac tissues were determined by Western blotting.RE-SULTS:Compared with control group, collagen distribution and the expression levels of type I collagen and NF-κB in the cardiac tissues were markedly increased (P<0.05), while PPARγwas significantly decreased in STZ group (P<0.05), but these indexes were reversed significantly in STZ+H2S group (P<0.05).The expression levels of type I collagen, PPARγand NF-κB had no significant difference between H2 S group and control group.CONCLUSION:Hydrogen sulfide attenuates cardiac fibrosis in diabetic rats, and its mechanism may be related to PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathway.