BACKGROUND: Dopamine is an inotropic agent that is often selected for continuous infusion. For hemodynamic stability, the rate of infusion is controlled in the range of 5-15 µg/kg/min. This study aimed to compare the time intervals from the administration of dopamine to the onset of its hemodynamic effects when dopamine was administered through three different peripheral veins (the cephalic vein [CV], the great saphenous vein [GSV], and the external jugular vein [EJV]). METHODS: Patients in group 1, group 2, and group 3 received dopamine infusions in the CV, GSV, and EJV, respectively. A noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitor (NICCOMO™, Medis, Ilmenau, Germany) was used to assess cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Six minutes after intubation, baseline heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), CO, and SVR values were recorded and dopamine infusion was initiated at a dose of 10 µg/kg/min. Hemodynamic changes at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 15 minutes postinfusion were recorded. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups with respect to the rate of hemodynamic change. In all groups, systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP, and SVR tended to increase after decreasing for the first 4 minutes; in contrast, HR and CO decreased until 8 minutes, after which they tended to reach a plateau. CONCLUSIONS: For patients under general anesthesia receiving dopamine at 10 µg/kg/min, there were no clinical differences in the effect of dopamine administered through three different peripheral veins.
Anesthesia, General ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Dopamine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Intubation ; Jugular Veins ; Saphenous Vein ; Vascular Resistance ; Veins*

BACKGROUND: It is known that QT dispersion represents asynchronous repolarization of ventricle which is related to ventricular fibrillation. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmia is increased after acute myocardial infarction. So this study compared QT dispersion and other repolarization indexes for detection of asynchronous repolarization in acute myocardial infarction. We also investigated which portion of repolarization is the key portion of the asynchrony. METHODS: In 37 acute myocardial infarction patients and 38 angina patients dispersion of QT, JT, JTpeak and QTpeak were measured. We also measured maximum adjacent dispersion of same parameters in precordial leads. In 20 survived patients and 17 dead patients after acute myocardial infarction were also compared. We also investigated correlation of PVC's on Holter monitoring with these repolarization parameters. RESULTS: 1) All ventricular repolarization indexes(QT, QTc, JT, JTpeak, QT peak and TpeakTend dispersion) were significantly increased in acute myocardial infarction group than compared with those of angina group(p<0.05). 2) Maximal precordial dispersion(QT, QTc, JT, JTpeak and QTpeak) were also significantly increased in acute myocardial infarction group than angina group(p<0.05). 3) Dead patient group after myocardial infarction showed significantly increased QTc and TpeskTend dispersion compared with those of survived patient group(p<0.05). 4) Multivariate linear correlation showed that TpeakTend dispersion and JT dispersion was correlated with QT dispersion. CONCLUSIONS: There were asynchronous myocardial repolarization changes in acute myocardial infarction. Our study demonstrated that T wave change was major determinant of dispersion of myocardial repolarization.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; Humans ; Incidence ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Ventricular Fibrillation

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of emotional labor on burnout, turnover intention, and job satisfaction. METHODS: Dental hygienists were surveyed over a period of 13 days during March, 2013. Data from the completed questionnaires (N=202) were analyzed using the t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: Higher levels of emotional labor resulted in higher levels of burnout and turnover intention, as well as lower levels of job satisfaction. The variable showing the largest mediating effect between emotional labor and burnout was emotional intelligence. Supervisor support had the largest mediating effect between emotional labor and turnover intention, as well as emotional labor and job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the negative effects caused by emotional labor, it is necessary to foster the development of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy of employees. Employers' efforts to improve supervisor and colleague support for the employees should be made to reduce such negative effects.
Dental Hygienists* ; Emotional Intelligence ; Humans ; Intention* ; Job Satisfaction* ; Negotiating ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) is widely used in facial rejuvenation as a collagen stimulator, with a lower risk of granuloma formation compared to poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). However, granulomas may still occur. In this case, a 58-year-old woman developed firm, non-tender, bilateral infraorbital granulomas 2 months after her third PDLLA injection for infraorbital hollowing. The lesions were unresponsive to intralesional trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and intense pulsed light therapy, necessitating surgical removal. Histopathological analysis confirmed foreign-body granulomas caused by the PDLLA filler. This case highlights the need for caution when injecting PDLLA into thin-skinned areas like the infraorbital region, where granulomas can be more visible due to limited tissue volume. Although PDLLA fillers are generally safe, granuloma formation remains a potential complication. Early diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical methods, such as intralesional TCA, should be prioritized. If these methods fail, surgical excision, aimed at preserving as much normal tissue as possible, may be necessary for optimal outcomes.

Poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) is widely used in facial rejuvenation as a collagen stimulator, with a lower risk of granuloma formation compared to poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). However, granulomas may still occur. In this case, a 58-year-old woman developed firm, non-tender, bilateral infraorbital granulomas 2 months after her third PDLLA injection for infraorbital hollowing. The lesions were unresponsive to intralesional trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and intense pulsed light therapy, necessitating surgical removal. Histopathological analysis confirmed foreign-body granulomas caused by the PDLLA filler. This case highlights the need for caution when injecting PDLLA into thin-skinned areas like the infraorbital region, where granulomas can be more visible due to limited tissue volume. Although PDLLA fillers are generally safe, granuloma formation remains a potential complication. Early diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical methods, such as intralesional TCA, should be prioritized. If these methods fail, surgical excision, aimed at preserving as much normal tissue as possible, may be necessary for optimal outcomes.

Poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) is widely used in facial rejuvenation as a collagen stimulator, with a lower risk of granuloma formation compared to poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). However, granulomas may still occur. In this case, a 58-year-old woman developed firm, non-tender, bilateral infraorbital granulomas 2 months after her third PDLLA injection for infraorbital hollowing. The lesions were unresponsive to intralesional trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and intense pulsed light therapy, necessitating surgical removal. Histopathological analysis confirmed foreign-body granulomas caused by the PDLLA filler. This case highlights the need for caution when injecting PDLLA into thin-skinned areas like the infraorbital region, where granulomas can be more visible due to limited tissue volume. Although PDLLA fillers are generally safe, granuloma formation remains a potential complication. Early diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical methods, such as intralesional TCA, should be prioritized. If these methods fail, surgical excision, aimed at preserving as much normal tissue as possible, may be necessary for optimal outcomes.

Poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) is widely used in facial rejuvenation as a collagen stimulator, with a lower risk of granuloma formation compared to poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). However, granulomas may still occur. In this case, a 58-year-old woman developed firm, non-tender, bilateral infraorbital granulomas 2 months after her third PDLLA injection for infraorbital hollowing. The lesions were unresponsive to intralesional trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and intense pulsed light therapy, necessitating surgical removal. Histopathological analysis confirmed foreign-body granulomas caused by the PDLLA filler. This case highlights the need for caution when injecting PDLLA into thin-skinned areas like the infraorbital region, where granulomas can be more visible due to limited tissue volume. Although PDLLA fillers are generally safe, granuloma formation remains a potential complication. Early diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical methods, such as intralesional TCA, should be prioritized. If these methods fail, surgical excision, aimed at preserving as much normal tissue as possible, may be necessary for optimal outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzes the effect of role stress on turnover and examines the mediating effects of organizational, career, and job commitment. METHODS: This study involved a questionnaire survey on socio-demographic characteristics, working environment, role stress, commitment, and turnover. This was administered to 272 clinical dental hygienists from February 1, 2014, to February 28, 2014, and data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: Turnover among dental hygienists increased when their role stress was high and the latter was significantly correlated with organizational, career, and job commitment. In the relationship between role stress and turnover, organizational and career commitment worked as the mediating factors with organizational commitment showing the biggest effect. CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce role stress, the causes of role conflict and role overload should be systematically monitored. Improvement of the wage and working system along with expansion of specific tasks of dental hygienists to enhance their organizational and career commitment is required.
Dental Hygienists* ; Humans ; Negotiating* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to heighten the community residents' support and approval on the community water fluoridation program, which presents the basic data in devising strategies that will expand the program. METHODS: The research subjects of this study were 700 adults, over the age of 20, who resided in the Incheon Metropolitan City. In order to analyze the factors that were related to the approval on administering the community water fluoridation program, the data were analyzed using a chi-squared test and a multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Respondents approving the implementation of the community water fluoridation program, in Incheon Metropolitan City, were 58.7%. Major reasons for opposing the program were 'harmful', 'influence the taste and color of water', and 'objections without a particular reason'. The approval rate for implementation of the program was higher in the group who perceived that oral health was good and practiced oral health behaviors, like visiting the dental clinics on a regular basis. Also, it was higher in the group who had the experience of hearing of this program at least once and a higher knowledge of the community water fluoridation program. Especially, the strongest correlations were found between the knowledge of community water fluoridation program and the approval rate for implementation the program. CONCLUSIONS: In order to enhance the rate of approval on administrating the community water fluoridation program, it is necessary to publicize the purpose, effect, and stability of this program, through a diverse mass media and reinforce the health education program to oral health management.
Adult ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Dental Caries ; Dental Clinics ; Fluoridation ; Health Education ; Hearing ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mass Media ; Oral Health ; Research Subjects

BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidemia has been known as an independent risk factor in the develop-ment of coronary artery disease. This study was carried out to compare nutrient intakes, smo-king status, antioxidant vitamins, and plasma lipids in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and in normal healthy subjects among Korean population in Taegu. Possible causes of this dis-ease in patients are discussed. METHODS: Anthropometric assessments included mean intakes of nutrients, and the levels of plasma lipids (apolipoprotein [Apo] A - I, Lipoprotein [Lp] [a]), and antioxidant vitamins (such as vitamins A and E) were measured in female and male subjects with CHD against healthy con-trols. RESULTS: Dietary cholesterol and fat intakes were significantly higher in CHD groups in men and women. Total plasma cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride, thiobarbituric acid reactive subst-ance (TBARS), atherogenic index and Lp (a) levels were significantly higher in CHD patients than in the normal group in both men and women. Apo A-I, HDL-C and vitamin E levels were lower in CHD patients than in the normal group. The number of smokers was higher in CHD patients than in the normal group in both sexes of subjects. CONCLUSION: High fat and high cholesterol intakes seemed to be a major factor for the hyperlipidemia in the CHD patients. Their abnormal lipoprotein profile, which appeared in pati-ent plasma, corresponded well to dietary intake patterns. However, long term studies are need-ed to investigate the effects of smoking on lipid metabolism in CHD patients among the Korean population.
Apolipoprotein A-I ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Disease* ; Daegu ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Lipoprotein(a)* ; Lipoproteins* ; Male ; Plasma* ; Risk Factors ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Triglycerides ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins