BACKGROUND: A lots of fires were happened every years. And then, the many peoples have died because of foe. It is important to plane for initial field emergency management that the major cause of death and injury type is analysed by large scaled fire. METHOD: We have analysed the fire victims by large scaled fire from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1995 in Korea. We analysed systemic factors, environmental factors, patient factors which was acquired from medical records and interviews with victims, victim's famaly, rescuer. RESULT: The total number of victims are 130 and the mortality rate is 61.5% (80 patients). The major injury and cause of death were inhalation injury and trauma. The injury type of fire victims are 19 cases of inhalation injury, 13 cases of laceration,5 cases of burn,5 cases of contusion,4 cases of blephaloconjunctivitis. In fire deaths, the 78 victims (97.5%) were death associated with the gas inhalation, and the only 2 fire deaths were due to trauma. This result of the cause of death was higher inhalation injury than previously reported literature because most fires of our study was happened at the closed-maze area. CONCLUSION: When the fee was happened at closed-maze area, many victims foiled to escape the space because of smoke, toxic inhalants from combustible interior decoration, and then were death.
Cause of Death ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Treatment* ; Fees and Charges ; Fires* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Smoke ; United Nations

BACKGROUND: The Sampung Collapse took place at 17:55 June 29, 1995. The rescue operation encountered 458 dead and 477 multiply traumatized patients and 464 non traumatized peoples. We wanted to present basic data for disaster planning for example of Sampung Collapse. METHODS: We made a survey of accident field immediately after accident and interviewed with victims, victim's famaly, and rescuer. We analysed the medical record and SCL-9 (Hopkins symptom check list 90R) which was checked several list with victims, victim's family and control group. RESULT: The mean RTS was 11.9 and the mean ISS was 4.3.96 long bone fractures occurred in 76 patients. 127 case of vertebral injury occurred in 63 patients. Total number of surgical operations were 237. There are also many crushing injury and acute post-traumatic stress diseases. CONCLUSION: There are many injury types which are crushing injury, vertebral injury, blunt trauma and acute PTSD(post traumatic stress diseases). Thus, The field management, especially field triage, is very important. And, the urgent patients were 72 patients, about 5% of total patients, witch needed intensive care in tirtiary hospital. Therefore, we need to plan out the expeditious proper management. and prevention of disaster propagation.
Disaster Planning ; Disasters ; Fractures, Bone ; Humans ; Critical Care ; Medical Records ; Triage ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating

A synophthalmia, another form of cyclopia, in which the element of the two eyes are partially fused to form an apparently single eye in the middle of the forehead. The synophthalmia is a result of complex, neural plate misdevelopment syndrome involving the eye, brain, skull and face. It is well known that synophthalmia is due to heterogenous causes, most of which chromosomal imbalances. We experienced a case of synophthalmia associated with proboscis, alobar holoprosencephaly and chromosomal anomaly 46, XX, -15,t (15 q, 21 q). Diagnosis was confirmed by brain MRI and autopsy, The patient died about 20 hours of age and autopsy was done. A brief review of the literatures was also presented.
Autopsy ; Brain ; Diagnosis ; Forehead ; Holoprosencephaly ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neural Plate ; Skull

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital*

Purpose: Staff is essential to the university’s efficient administrative operations, which are critical for education, research, and service. Medical schools, often independent, need specialized administrative elements. This study explores how medical school staff perceives the organization using the Six-Box model and evaluates their perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment based on the concept of job attitudes. Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data via a convergent parallel design. It simultaneously collects and analyzes data from a survey and consensus workshop for medical school staff. The survey data were statistically analyzed (IBM SPSS ver. 25.0; IBM Corp., USA), and the workshop discussions were subjected to content analysis. The findings combined provide a comprehensive understanding of the medical school administrative system. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed purpose (3.80) as the highest-rated organizational perception and rewards (2.72) as the lowest. Similarly, job satisfaction was highest (3.63) in job attitudes, while perceived organizational support (2.96) was the lowest. Group differences were observed by gender, enrollment capacity, and contract type (p<0.05). In qualitative research, keywords appeared in relation to their experiences within the medical school organization, encompassing doctor training, emotional responses, administrative features, personal attributes, and cultural influences. Overload, faculty issues, and communication gaps are obstacles. Strategies for overcoming these challenges focus on improving staff treatment, resource allocation, training, and communication channels. Conclusion This study was conducted to explore a broad understanding of the administration of medical schools. Findings suggest challenges with workload, communication, and organizational support. We propose a dedicated medical school administrative system, improved work conditions, and enhanced communication.

Purpose: Staff is essential to the university’s efficient administrative operations, which are critical for education, research, and service. Medical schools, often independent, need specialized administrative elements. This study explores how medical school staff perceives the organization using the Six-Box model and evaluates their perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment based on the concept of job attitudes. Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data via a convergent parallel design. It simultaneously collects and analyzes data from a survey and consensus workshop for medical school staff. The survey data were statistically analyzed (IBM SPSS ver. 25.0; IBM Corp., USA), and the workshop discussions were subjected to content analysis. The findings combined provide a comprehensive understanding of the medical school administrative system. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed purpose (3.80) as the highest-rated organizational perception and rewards (2.72) as the lowest. Similarly, job satisfaction was highest (3.63) in job attitudes, while perceived organizational support (2.96) was the lowest. Group differences were observed by gender, enrollment capacity, and contract type (p<0.05). In qualitative research, keywords appeared in relation to their experiences within the medical school organization, encompassing doctor training, emotional responses, administrative features, personal attributes, and cultural influences. Overload, faculty issues, and communication gaps are obstacles. Strategies for overcoming these challenges focus on improving staff treatment, resource allocation, training, and communication channels. Conclusion This study was conducted to explore a broad understanding of the administration of medical schools. Findings suggest challenges with workload, communication, and organizational support. We propose a dedicated medical school administrative system, improved work conditions, and enhanced communication.

Purpose: Staff is essential to the university’s efficient administrative operations, which are critical for education, research, and service. Medical schools, often independent, need specialized administrative elements. This study explores how medical school staff perceives the organization using the Six-Box model and evaluates their perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment based on the concept of job attitudes. Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data via a convergent parallel design. It simultaneously collects and analyzes data from a survey and consensus workshop for medical school staff. The survey data were statistically analyzed (IBM SPSS ver. 25.0; IBM Corp., USA), and the workshop discussions were subjected to content analysis. The findings combined provide a comprehensive understanding of the medical school administrative system. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed purpose (3.80) as the highest-rated organizational perception and rewards (2.72) as the lowest. Similarly, job satisfaction was highest (3.63) in job attitudes, while perceived organizational support (2.96) was the lowest. Group differences were observed by gender, enrollment capacity, and contract type (p<0.05). In qualitative research, keywords appeared in relation to their experiences within the medical school organization, encompassing doctor training, emotional responses, administrative features, personal attributes, and cultural influences. Overload, faculty issues, and communication gaps are obstacles. Strategies for overcoming these challenges focus on improving staff treatment, resource allocation, training, and communication channels. Conclusion This study was conducted to explore a broad understanding of the administration of medical schools. Findings suggest challenges with workload, communication, and organizational support. We propose a dedicated medical school administrative system, improved work conditions, and enhanced communication.

Purpose: Staff is essential to the university’s efficient administrative operations, which are critical for education, research, and service. Medical schools, often independent, need specialized administrative elements. This study explores how medical school staff perceives the organization using the Six-Box model and evaluates their perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment based on the concept of job attitudes. Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative data via a convergent parallel design. It simultaneously collects and analyzes data from a survey and consensus workshop for medical school staff. The survey data were statistically analyzed (IBM SPSS ver. 25.0; IBM Corp., USA), and the workshop discussions were subjected to content analysis. The findings combined provide a comprehensive understanding of the medical school administrative system. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed purpose (3.80) as the highest-rated organizational perception and rewards (2.72) as the lowest. Similarly, job satisfaction was highest (3.63) in job attitudes, while perceived organizational support (2.96) was the lowest. Group differences were observed by gender, enrollment capacity, and contract type (p<0.05). In qualitative research, keywords appeared in relation to their experiences within the medical school organization, encompassing doctor training, emotional responses, administrative features, personal attributes, and cultural influences. Overload, faculty issues, and communication gaps are obstacles. Strategies for overcoming these challenges focus on improving staff treatment, resource allocation, training, and communication channels. Conclusion This study was conducted to explore a broad understanding of the administration of medical schools. Findings suggest challenges with workload, communication, and organizational support. We propose a dedicated medical school administrative system, improved work conditions, and enhanced communication.

No abstract available.
Skull Fracture, Depressed*

BACKGROUND: Age-related hearing loss is a common degenerative disorder among older individuals that warrants attention in a society with an aging population. The objectives of this study were to investigate age-related hearing loss and to estimate the prevalence of age-related hearing loss in Korea using a healthcare center-based study. METHODS: Persons older than 50 years of age visiting a selected health promotion center were recruited (n=10,118). Pure tone audiometry was performed on the subjects, and the average hearing thresholds were obtained using 500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, 2,000 Hz, and 4,000 Hz for the six-dimension method. RESULTS: The prevalences of age-related hearing loss for subjects older than 65 years were 36.8% at a cutoff of > or =26 dBHL and 10.1% at a cutoff of > or =41 dBHL. When age and gender were corrected for, the estimated prevalences of age related hearing loss for those subjects greater than 65 years in the general population were 45.8% at a cutoff value of > or =26 dBHL and 14.8% at a cutoff value of > or =41 dBHL. CONCLUSION: Our study provides important information concerning age-related hearing loss in Korea. The estimated prevalence of age-related hearing loss in the general population in Korea was high.
Aging ; Audiometry ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Promotion ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Korea ; Prevalence