Objective To analyze the prevalence and economic burden of diabetes in Guandu district of Kunming. Methods We used probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method to select representative sample of 4595 residents aged 18 or over from this district. Each participant received face to face questionnaire interview and physical examination. We applied different methods to measure the direct,indirect and intangible costs of diabetes. Results In the study population, the overall prevalence of diabetes was 6.2%,and females had higher prevalence of diabetes than males (6.2%vs. 5.6%, <0.05) . The DALY/1000 population of diabetes was 3.52, among which males and females were 5.18 and 6.70, respectively. Mean unit direct costs, indirect costs and intangible costs of diabetes were 3464.49 Yuan,84.48 Yuan and 4 045.97 Yuan,respectively. The total economic burden of diabetes was 401.84 million Yuan. Intangible costs represented the largest component of economic burden of diabetes,followed by direct costs. Conclusion The huge economic burden of diabetes has become the cause for concern in Guandu district. Effective measures are needed to reduce the economic burden of diabetes.

Objective To provide useful information on reducing risky drinking for the Dept.of Public Health taking a county in Yunnan province as an example to explore the risk factors related to risky drinking.Methods A total of 574 participants identified as Miao,Yi and Han People at or older than 12 years old,who had been living there for 6 months or more were selected and surveyed in 5 townships in the county through stratified sampling.Alcohol consumption was collected using the beverage-specific quantity frequency (BSQF) method and analyzed using binary logistic regression and chi-square test.Results The number of drinkers in the family,undesirable drinking environment among friends and enculturation (β =0.073) could increase the likelihood of risky drinking.Risky drinking pattern was positively associated with age (β =1.006),and negatively associated with gender (β =-2.947) and awareness of risky drinking among rural residents.Conclusion The important measures to control risky drinking behavior in terms of health promotion and education include reducing the number of drinkers in the family,and preventing from undesirable drinking environment among friends and harmful drinking culture.These measures are crucial to prevent early onset of alcohol drinking among teenagers and to reduce risky drinking among middle aged and aged population.

Objective To provide an experimental basis for long-term in vitro proliferation,tissue construction and function maintaining of human primary hepatocytes by preparing three-dimensional (3D) porous specific extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from porcine liver with different decellularizing methods.Methods The porcine liver tissue slices were treated using six different decellularization/oxidation ways,and the decellularization extent and ECM structure were evaluated through qualitative and quantitative analysis.Results The decellularized liver-ECM could maintain the original shape during the whole process of the decellularization.HE staining showed that the cellular components and nucleus disappeared in the decellularized ECM,indicating that all of these six decellularization methods can completely decellularize the porcine liver tissue slices.Determination of DNA content showed that 91％ ～ 97％ of cell components have been removed.Electron microscopy scanning observed that the pore sizes and ultrastructures of the liver ECMs under six decellularization treatments were significantly different.Conclsion The six decellularization/oxidation methods evaluated in this study could successfully create a 3D specific decellularized liver ECM with porous ultrastructure,which further lays basis for the development of a novel in vitro 3D culture model for human hepatocytes.

AIM:Targeting of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) gene,we aim to construct FAK shRNA lentiviral vector and to identify its function on the growth of leukemic cells.METHODS:FAK shRNA was chemically synthesized,and inserted into a GFP-lentiviral plasmid through molecular biology methods.After packaged and concentrated,the lentiviral-FAK-shRNA-vector was transduced into a human leukemic cell line.FAK gene expression was detected by reverse transcriptional PCR and Western blotting.Cell apoptosis was measured by Annexin V labeling.RESULTS:The results showed that FAK shRNA was successfully inserted into the lentival vector,and the infection efficiency varied from 10% to 25%.Compared to the control vector (lentival vector without FAK shRNA),FAK shRNA inhibited the expression of FAK mRNA and protein by 40% and 70%,respectively.Moreover,the results of apoptosis experiment showed that the percentages of Annexin V+ cells in control vector group and FAK shRNA group were (4.19 ? 0.36) % and (8.48 ? 0.58) % respectively,the difference was statistically significant (P

Objective This study was to explore the prevalence of overweight and obesity,and the effects of contextual and individual level determinants on them in the rural areas of Kunming city.China.Methods Shilin County was selected as the study site.Probability Proportional to Size(PPS)sampling method was used to select representative sample of 6006 residents aged 45 years and over from Shilin.Information was obtained from a cross-sectional survey on health.Data was analyzed using a muhilevel logistic modeling.Results The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 12.10% and 2.15% in the study area.Males had a higher prevalence of overweight than females(13.60% vs.10.71%).Similar situation was seen in the prevalence of obesity(2.82% vs.1.52%).Both village level and individual level variables were associated with obesity.whereas only individual level variables were related to overweight.Elderly had lower probability of being overweight and obese than younger people with odds ratio(OR)as 0.95(95% CI:0.83-0.97)and 0.93(95% CI:0.82-0.96),respectively.Males had higher probability of being overweight and obese than females:OR of 0.89(95% CI:0.78-0.98)and OR of 0.87(95% CI:0.78-0.97),respectively.Individuals with lower family income had increased probability of having obesity (OR=0.81,95% CI:0.73-0.95).Factor as living in a higher income village was associated with lower prevalence of obesity(OR=0.92,95% CI:0.85-0.98).Conclusion Interventions at village level on obesity in parallel with those at individual level were needed.Prevention and intervention on obesity should be emphasized in villages with higher income.

OBJECTIVETo discuss the efficacy of anticoagulation on patency post-permanent inferior vena caval filter (IVCF) placements.

METHODSThe patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremity who were accepted permanent IVCF placement from December 2001 to December 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Data on vital status, filter thromboembolism, anticoagulation time, and so on were obtained through follow-up. One hundred and thirty eight patients (75 male and 63 female) with a mean age of 65 years were enrolled in the study. All the patients were divided into non-anticoagulation group, anticoagulation group A with taking warfarin less than 6 months, or anticoagulation group B with taking warfarin more than 6 months. chi(2) test, t test, Kaplan-Meier survival curve, Log-rank test were used for statistics analysis.

RESULTSSixteen patients died, and 1 of them died of pulmonary embolism. Including the 1 patient mentioned before, there were 19 patients (13.8%) suffered from filter thromboembolism. Upon chi(2) test, there were no significant differences (P = 0.288) on the patency rates between non-anticoagulation, anticoagulation group A and anticoagulation group B (87.8%, 75.0%, and 88.3% respectively). Upon Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, there were still no significant differences (P = 0.227) on the mean patency time and the cumulate rates of patency at the 1st or 3rd year between the 3 groups (87.1%, 80.0%, 94.8% and 87.1%, 74.3%, 85.4% respectively).

CONCLUSIONAnticoagulation has no efficacy on patency post-permanent IVCF placements.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anticoagulants ; therapeutic use ; Equipment Failure ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; Vena Cava Filters ; Venous Thrombosis ; complications ; Warfarin ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of children and adolescents over 10 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

METHODSA total of 86 newly diagnosed ALL children and adolescents over 10 years of age (62 cases of B-ALL and 24 cases of T-ALL) were enrolled. Clinical characteristics, therapeutic effect and prognostic factors were retrospectively analyzed. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were evaluated by COX regression analysis.

RESULTSOf 86 patients, 62 were in medium risk, and 24 in high risk. At diagnosis, 53 patients (62%) had hepatomegaly, 50 patients (58%) had splenomegaly, and 46 patients (54%) had lymphoadenopathy. Twenty-nine patients (34%) showed high leukocyte counts (≥50×10/L) at diagnosis. The karyotype analysis was performed on 78 patients. The percentage of hyperdiploidy was 19% (15 cases), and that of hypodiploidy was 5% (4 cases). Eleven patients (14%) had abnormalities of chromosome structure. Of them, one patient was Philadelphia chromosome-positive, and another patient had the t (1; 19) chromosomal translocation. Three patients (4%) were positive for TEL/AML1, 3 (4%) were positive for E2A/PBX1, 6 were positive for BCR/ABL (7%), and 4 (5%) were positive for SIL/TAL1. During 4 weeks of induction therapy, 85 patients (99%) achieved complete remission (CR). In 86 patients, the 5-year anticipated EFS and OS were (64±6)% and (75±5)% respectively. The 5-year EFS and OS in the medium risk group were significantly higher than those in the high risk group (P<0.05). The 5-year EFS in B-ALL patients was significantly higher than that in T-ALL patients (P<0.05). COX multivariate analysis showed that white blood counts at diagnosis and minimal residual disease (MRD) after induction therapy were independent prognostic factors.

CONCLUSIONSChildren and adolescents with ALL over 10 years of age often have clinical characteristics of unfavorable prognosis. White blood counts at diagnosis and MRD after induction therapy may be important factors for the long-term prognosis.

Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; genetics ; mortality ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models

BackgroundWith the increasing prevalence of dry eye and the continuous improvement of living standards,the problem of dry eye more and more get the attention of people.At present,China still lacks the large population-based epidemiological data of dry eye. Objective To investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of dry eye in a community of Huidong County of population aged 14 and over.Methods From September 2010 to January 2011,using questionnaires and examination of dry eye related,2800 people were selected randomly for cross-sectional survey.Those suspected as dry eye were examed by the SchirmerⅠtest ( S Ⅱ T),tear-film breakup time(BUT),corneal fluorescein staining(F1).Results In the 2475 questionnaire effectively,154 persons were diagnosed as dry eye,and the prevalence rate of dry eye was 6.22％,8.06％in females,4.14％in males.The prevalence rate increases with age.The S Ⅰ T and BUT decreased with increasing age.S Ⅰ T and BUT in females are less than males.Foreign body sensation is the primary complaints of patients.Logistic analysis showed that the most common risk factors in dry eye are age and gender.The system disease and eye diseases,eye fatigue and long exposure to dust are also main determinants.ConclusionsThe population prevalence rate of dry eye increased with age,the prevalence rate of dry eye in females is higher than that in males.The key factors associated with dry eye are age,gender,systemic disease and eye diseases,occupation,working environment.

OBJECTIVETo apply the single cell nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to HLA typing, and analyze the influence factors on the amplification results.

METHODSSingle cell DNA templates were prepared with different methods. The exon 2, 3 and intron 2 of HLA-A, B, and exon 2 of DRBI were amplified using multiplex PCR. The second round of SSP-PCR HLA typing was carried out according to the large scale routine HLA typing results.

RESULTSEnzyme lysis method was the most efficient procedure for preparing the single cell DNA template, with a success rate (SR) of 93.3%, while the SRs of alkali lysis and freezing-thaw lysis methods were 83.3% and 73.3%, respectively. The second round amplification using enzyme lysis and SSP-PCR in 20 samples obtained a 95% success rate and a 15% allele drop out rate. The time for performing the whole procedure was less than 6 hours.

CONCLUSIONThe modified nested multiplex PCR technique is efficient for single cell HLA typing and might be applied to clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Histocompatibility Testing ; methods ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical features and etiological spectrum of pancytopenia in children.

METHODSThe clinical data of 174 children with pancytopenia between September 2003 and January 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTSPale face was the most common clinical manifestation (147 cases, 84.5%), followed by bleeding (87 cases, 50.0%) and fever (41 cases, 23.6%). Mild to moderate anemia, severe thrombocytopenia and mild leucopenia were common in complete blood count. Of the 174 children, pancytopenia was attributed to hematopoietic system diseases in 155 cases (89.1%) and non-hematopoietic system diseases (virus infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, hypersplenism and neuroblastoma) in 6 cases (3.4%). Aplastic anemia (91 cases, 52.3%) was the most common cause of pancytopenia, followed by myelodysplastic syndrome (37 cases, 21.3%), acute leukemia and other hematological tumours (11 cases, 6.3%) and hemophagocytic syndrome (6 cases, 3.4%). The cause of pancytopenia was not identified in 13 cases (7.5%).

CONCLUSIONSAnemia, bleeding and fever are the main clinical manifestations of pancytopenia in children. Pancytopenia is mostly caused by aplastic anemia in children. Myelodysplastic syndrome, hematological tumours and hemophagocytic syndrome are also the common causes.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Pancytopenia ; blood ; diagnosis ; etiology