Following application of 2N sodium hydroxide to the cornea, the aqueous humor pH reached a maximum of 10.2, 11.9, and 12 within 6 minutes following 20-, 50-, and 100-ul sodium hydrxide burn, respectively: after two hours the pH had fallen to 8.5, 10 and 10.5, The maximum rise following application of 100 ul of ammonium hydroxide was 10.8, declining to about 9 at 2 hours. The fall in pH following a 100-ul sodium hydroxide burn has not greatly influenced by external lavage. However, the pH was significantly lowerd by paracentesis alone and further reduce by immediate or delayed intracameral administration of phosphate buffer. On the basis of these result moderately severe and severe alkali burns of the eye should be treated by paracentesis and if possible with anterior chamber reformation with a sterile solution.
Alkalies* ; Ammonium Hydroxide ; Anterior Chamber ; Aqueous Humor ; Burns* ; Cornea* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Paracentesis ; Sodium ; Sodium Hydroxide ; Therapeutic Irrigation

The idiopathic corneal endotheliopathy appears clinically as a corneal graft rejection, which has a linear corneal endotheliopathy and well responds to corticosteroid theraphy. Its cause may be associated with autoimmune reaction(Khodadoust AA, Attazadeh A, 1982). We experienced five patients with idiopathic corneal endotheliopathy, and evaluated its clinical characteristics and treatment. We performed slit lamp examination, the measurement of intraocular pressure of five patients who visited our hospital to evaluate the progressive visual disturbance due to idiopathic corneal endotheliopathy. All cases showed endotheliopathy with keratic precipitates, corneal epithelial edema and stromal edema at corresponding areas. The intraocular pressures were within normal range and a mild inflammation in anterior chamber was found in two cases. The immune rings were shown in two cases and herpes zoster blepharitis had appeared in one case. All cases had a good response to topical corticosteroid and acyclovir treatment. However, four cases were recurred even though well responded to treatment following recurrence. We suggest that the pathogenesis of idiopathic corneal endotheliopathy would be associated with herpes virus infection.
Acyclovir ; Anterior Chamber ; Blepharitis ; Edema ; Graft Rejection ; Herpes Zoster ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Intraocular Pressure ; Recurrence ; Reference Values

In an epidemiological study of metal workers exposed to metalworking fluids(MWF), the prevalence time of evoultion, seasonal occurrence and clinical type of contact dermatitis were investigated. Composinal analyses of MWF with HPLC, dermatological examination and two consecutive questionnaire surveys were conducted. Study population was divided into two groups ; workers contact to cutting oil and workers contact to rust preventive oil. In the analysis of MWF, aliphatic hydrocarbons, having 12-20 carbons, was most common composition(49.04%) of cutting oil otherwise, major contents (90.99%) of the rust preventives oil were aliphatic hydrocarbons composed of 6-9 carbons. The frequency (point prevalence) of contact dermatitis(CD) was 7(12.7 per 100 subjects) in the dermatological examination of 55 workers. As the result of second survey for contact dermatitis, cumulative prevalence of oil working full-time and recent 1 year prevalence in two groups were 28.0, 16.7 and 15.1, 12.5 per 100 subjects. There were no difference in the prevalence of CD by oil, age, oil contact duration. Summer is the most common evolution season in workers exposed to cuttiogs, but not in workers exposed to rust preventive oil. Major clinical type of CD was erythematous papules in both groups. It presents the importance of preventive measures that 51.1% suffer from contact dermatitis had medical care at their own expense, and 47.1% of them felt serious about their contact dermatitis. From the fact that 68.6% think cotton gloves protective apparatus, we emphasize the need for health education.
Carbon ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Health Education ; Humans ; Hydrocarbons ; Male* ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seasons

Melanosis coli is the brownish black discoloration of the colon due to accumulation of pigment containing macrophages in lamina propria. The nature and source of this pigment is controversial but many studies have suggested that the pigment is related to lipofuscin. Melanosis coli has been reported to be closely associated with prolonged administration of anthraquinone purgatives. But this condition is sometimes associated with colonic polyp colon cancer, rediation therapy or non-anthraquinone purgatives administration. Moreover the fact that melanosis coli could be found in subjects who never used purgatives suggested that, even though chronic consumption of anthraquinone purgatives seems to play a major role, other factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of melanosis coli. We presented a case of melanosis Coli in a 47-year-old female with history of rectal instillation of petroleum for control of hemorrhoids.
Administration, Rectal* ; Cathartics ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colonic Polyps ; Female ; Hemorrhoids ; Humans ; Lipofuscin ; Macrophages ; Melanosis* ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Petroleum*

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effects of different oxygen conditions (20% [high O₂], 5% [low O₂] and 5% decreased to 2% [dynamic O₂]) on mouse pre- and peri-implantation development using a novel double-channel gas supply (DCGS) incubator (CNC Biotech Inc.) to alter the oxygen concentration during in vitro culture.METHODS: The high-O₂ and low-O₂ groups were cultured from the one-cell to the blastocyst stage under 20% and 5% oxygen concentrations, respectively. In the dynamic-O₂ group, mouse embryos were cultured from the one-cell to the morula stage under 5% O₂ for 3 days, followed by culture under 2% O₂ to the blastocyst stage. To evaluate peri-implantation development, the blastocysts from the three groups were individually transferred to a fibronectin-coated dish and cultured to the outgrowth stage in droplets.RESULTS: The blastocyst formation rate was significantly higher in the low-O₂ and dynamic-O₂ groups than in the high-O₂ group. The total cell number was significantly higher in the dynamic-O₂ group than in the low-O₂ and high-O₂ groups. Additionally, the apoptotic index was significantly lower in the low-O₂ and dynamic-O₂ groups than in the high-O₂ group. The trophoblast outgrowth rate and spread area were significantly higher in the low-O₂ and dynamic-O₂ groups than in the high-O₂ group.CONCLUSION: Our results showed that a dynamic oxygen concentration (decreasing from 5% to 2%) had beneficial effects on mouse pre- and peri-implantation development. Optimized, dynamic changing of oxygen concentrations using the novel DCGS incubator could improve the developmental competence of in vitro cultured embryos in a human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blastocyst ; Cell Count ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Incubators ; Mental Competency ; Mice ; Morula ; Oxygen ; Trophoblasts

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Computed tomography during arterial portography and computed tomography during hepatic arteriography (CTAP and CTHA), one of the most sensitive method in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules , is reported to reduce unnecessary operation of HCC. However, it is not clear whet her CT AP and CT HA can reduce early post operative recurrence rate of HCC. We performed this study to find any differences in early postoperative recurrence rate of HCC according to the imaging modalities used for preoperativest aging. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients with HCC who had underg one curative hepat icres ection from Dec.1994 to Mar. 1998 were included (median age = 52 years (26-78), M:F = 85:12). They were classified into 3 groups according to the imaging methods used for preoper ative staging: CTAP & CTHA group (n=56), Lipiodol CT group (n=24), and three phase helical CT group (n=16). No significant inter-group difference was found in preoperative status of the patients or characteristics of HCC. One-year recurrence rates were compared by log-rank test. RESULTS: HCC recurred in 17 of 97 patients (18.7%) within 12 months. A significant difference in 1- year recurrence rate was observed between the groups: helical CT , may be a superior imaging modality for preoperative staging of HCC that can reduce early postoperative recurrence rate.
Aging ; Angiography ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Ethiodized Oil* ; Humans ; Portography ; Recurrence* ; Tomography, Spiral Computed*

PURPOSE: Although remarkable progress has been made in efforts to control measles since measles vaccines became available for use, the longterm success of their vaccination programmes has been questioned, with the worldwide resurgence of the disease. This resurgence has increased attention on the inadequacy of current immunization programmes. In 1993 there have been measles outbreaks in Seong-nam city located near the sourthern Seoul, Korea. To characterize further the epidemiology of measles in Seong-nam city, we analysed demographic characteristics of measles cases reported for the year 1993. METHODS: With the cooperation of the nurse teacher in elimentary school, the data of measles cases were collected and each case was confirmed at local clinics, hospital or general hospital, including inha General Hospital. RESULTS: 1) Out of 645 cases(male: female = 1.08:1) the children above 5 yrs of age were 586 cases of which 529 cases(90.3%) were vaccinated on after 15 months of age. After the survey, measles occurred in 1.9% of the 11 elementary school students. Children with past MMR vaccination history showed milder course of measles than those without the vaccination history. 2) Out of 87 patients who had been brought to Inha General Hospital, 55%(n=48) was 6 to 1 5 months of age, 13%(n=11) was 15 months to 4 years of age, and 32%(n=28) was 5 to 14 years of age, which showed two major outbreaks: those in which of the cases occurred below 16 months of age and those in which considerable cases occurred among school-age persons. 3) Below 15 months of age, most of the cause of the unvaccination were inadequate access to medical care and lack of public awareness in some communities, with the resulting lack of d emand for immunization services. The causes of unvaccination above 15 months of age were neglect or oblivion in 35%(n=2 0), mild acute illness not contraindicated to vaccine use in 21%(n=12), economic difficulty in 8. 8%(n=5), vaccine omission after natural measles before 12 months of age in 7%(n=4). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high uptake of measles vaccine there is currently a nationwide e pidemic of measles, especially among the school-age groups. Secondary vaccine failure is also thought to be important cause of measles ortbreak as well as primary vaccine failure. A booster dose of measles vaccine may be necessary to reduce the measles outbreak to allow the goal of measles elimination to be achieved, with the reinforcement of age-appropriate Immunization.
Child ; Disease Outbreaks* ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Immunization ; Korea ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Seoul ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

The gastric polyps may be premalignant lesions and they should be removed as possible. The gastric polyps can be remoued by various endoscopic methods. The safety and therapeutic effectiveness of snare polypectomy, neodymium YAG laser therapy and electrocutery were compared in a total number of 106 patients who were diagnosed as benign polyps by means of endoscopic biopsy.Safety was evaluated by the rate of complications such as perforation and bleeding, and therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by the average numbers of treatment session of each modality. Average numbers of treatment session of snare polypectomy, laser therapy and electrocautery were 1.04, 1.38 and l.44, respectively. Average numbers of treatment session of snare polypectomy were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of other two methods. Perforation was not occurred in any group. Bleeding rates after snare polypectomy, laser therapy and electrocautery were 17.4%, 1.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Bleeding was significantly (p<0,05) more frequent after snare polypectomy than after other two methods. In conclusion therapeutic effectiveness was best in snare polypectomy but complication was most frequent after snare polypectomy. There was no difference between laser therapy and electrocautery for therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Therfore, laser therapy and electrocautery caa be used for the removal of flat adenoma, alternatively.
Adenoma ; Electrocoagulation ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Neodymium ; Polyps ; SNARE Proteins

The gastric polyps may be premalignant lesions and they should be removed as possible. The gastric polyps can be remoued by various endoscopic methods. The safety and therapeutic effectiveness of snare polypectomy, neodymium YAG laser therapy and electrocutery were compared in a total number of 106 patients who were diagnosed as benign polyps by means of endoscopic biopsy.Safety was evaluated by the rate of complications such as perforation and bleeding, and therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by the average numbers of treatment session of each modality. Average numbers of treatment session of snare polypectomy, laser therapy and electrocautery were 1.04, 1.38 and l.44, respectively. Average numbers of treatment session of snare polypectomy were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of other two methods. Perforation was not occurred in any group. Bleeding rates after snare polypectomy, laser therapy and electrocautery were 17.4%, 1.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Bleeding was significantly (p<0,05) more frequent after snare polypectomy than after other two methods. In conclusion therapeutic effectiveness was best in snare polypectomy but complication was most frequent after snare polypectomy. There was no difference between laser therapy and electrocautery for therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Therfore, laser therapy and electrocautery caa be used for the removal of flat adenoma, alternatively.
Adenoma ; Electrocoagulation ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Neodymium ; Polyps ; SNARE Proteins

No abstract available.