OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of intraarticular temperature in the knee according to the application methods of cold jet-stream and to find the more effective method which reduces the intraarticular temperature. METHOD: Fifteen healthy subjects were examined. We recorded both skin and intraarticular temperature of the knee for 120 minutes. We compared two different cooling methods using -30 degrees C cold jet-stream by CRAis(R) (Century, Korea). The first was the intermittent cold jet-stream application method (ICA) which applied cold jet-stream to the knee joint every other minute for 5 minutes and the second was the continuous cold jet-stream application method with infrared (CCAI) for 5 minutes. RESULTS: In ICA, the intraarticular temperature maximally dropped as 1.7+/-0.6 degrees C (p<0.01) and it took 28.7+/-18.9 minutes. Intraarticular temperature dropped 0.6+/-0.5 degrees C after 2 hour (p<0.05). In CCAI, the intraarticular temperature maximally dropped as 2.8+/-0.7 degrees C (p<0.01) and it took 38.0+/-24.6 minutes, intraarticular temperature after 2 hour dropped as 1.36+/-0.75 degrees C (p<0.05). According to the two methods, CCAI showed more reduction in the lowest and after 2 hour intraarticular temperature compared with ICA in the knee joint (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: CCAI is better for reducing the intraarticular temperature than ICA.
Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Skin ; Skin Temperature

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and foot parameters. METHOD: We examined 1, 107 feet of 872 volunteers (male: 325, female: 547) with 3D foot scanner (Nexcan , K & I, Korea). The relations of BMI and foot parameters were analyzed by partial correlation analysis with adjusted height. We classified subjects into 4 groups by BMI; low-weight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal-weight (18.5~22.9 kg/m2), over- weight (23.0~24.9 kg/m2) and obesity (>25 kg/m2) group. The relations of these groups and foot parameters were analyzed by univariate ANOVA with fixed height. RESULTS: Instep point length, ball width and girth, waist, instep height and girth, and vamp height showed a positive relation to BMI (p<0.01). However, foot parameters related to longitudinal length and medial longitudinal arch had no significant relation to BMI (p<0.01). Ball width and girth, waist, instep height and girth, vamp height were significantly highest in obesity group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). However, foot parameters related to longitudinal length and medial longitudinal arch showed no significant difference between these 4 groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that BMI was positively related to height, width, girth of foot. But, BMI had no significant relation to length of foot, and medial longitudinal arch.
Body Mass Index* ; Female ; Foot* ; Humans ; Obesity ; Volunteers