In the 70s of last century, the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) mainly uses inotropic drugs, diuretic and vasodilators, which can improve the hemodynamic condition and have no change in mortality in patients. Since the end of 1980s, excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system have demonstrated to play a key role in the pathophysiology of CHF. Blockade of these two systems can significantly reduce the mortality of CHF, which become a comerstone of the treatment of heart failure. Since 2010, three different types of drugs namely ivabradine, LCZ696 and a kind of traditional Chinese medicine have been shown confirmed the curative effects for heart failure, that means a new concept of CHF treatment, neurohormonal blockade/inducing and systematical regulation.

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers ; therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Heart Failure ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; drug effects

Heart Failure ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Heart Failure, Diastolic ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; Humans

Chronic Disease ; Guidelines as Topic ; Heart Failure ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Humans

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Consensus ; Humans ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta

Chronic Disease ; Heart Failure ; Humans

Patients with hypertension are at risk of chronic heart failure(CHF) and management of hypertension will reduces the risk of CHF.ACE inhibitor,angiotension Ⅱreceotor antagonists(ARB),Beta-Blockers and diuretics are appear to be more effective than calcium channel blockers in preventing or dslaying the onset of CHF.The target BP that should be reached in patients with CHF is 130/80 mmHg.There is strong evidence from clinical trials show that the combination of two or three antihypertensive drugs above is reasonable.The use of ACE inhibitors/ARB and beta-biockers in all patients with established systolic heart failure who do not have contraindications is the preferred choice with the reduce of mortality.No treatment has yet been shown,convincingly,to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with diastolic heart failure.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a kind of endogenous and highly conservative RNA,with length of about 20 to 24 nucleotides and tissue specificity.MiRNA regulates the expression of target genes by pairing with complementary mRNA in the transcription level mRNA or inhibiting mRNA translation.Several studies have shown the miRNA subtype genes,such as miR-126,miR-31,miR-200b and miR-29,in a certain related to the formation of new blood vessels in diabetic retinopathy (DR),through a series of regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression,thereby inhibiting or promoting angiogenesis.VEGF can stimulate vascular endothelial cell hyperplasia and generate new blood vessels,which damage blood-retinal barrier and accelerate the progress of DR.Therefore,revealing the effect and mechanism of miRNA on the pathogenesis of DR,new blood vessels are the important research direction,which can offer us new strategy for prevention and cure of DR.In this article,we reviewed the research progress of miRNA in neovascularization formation of DR.

In the medical field, the innovation education is to cultivate residents in China, which is an important way to senior medical elite. By analyzing competency-based neurosurgery residency training mode, the training methods for innovative ability of competency-based neurosurgeon are further discussed, for the purpose of reforming the training mode of neurosurgeon, improving creative ability and scientific clinical thinking ability.