Cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of death in Korea. Smoking should be considered as a chronic disease attributed to nicotine dependence which needs a long term care. Nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms are major barriers to smoking cessation and can be successfully managed by pharmacotherapy. There are two types of pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence, nicotine-replacement therapy(NRT) and nonnicotine-replacement therapy. Nicotine, which can be administered by patch, gum, inhaler, and nasal spray, doubled the smoking cessation rate. NRTs are usually well tolerated. Sustained-release bupropion, an antidepressant, doubled the smoking cessation rate when combined with counselling. Bupropion can induce seizure in less than 0.1% by lowering the seizure threshold. Nortriptyline and clonidine can be used as second line drugs for smoking cessation. They are similar in efficacy compared to NRT or bupropion but they frequently have adverse drug reactions. Combination of bupropion with NRT is more efficacious than NRT alone but not more effective than bupropion alone. There is no convincing evidence to recommend a specific drug for smoking cessation in women. NRT and bupropion can be useful in special situations for adolescent smokers, but evidence is not enough to recommend pharmacotherapy for adolescent smokers. Weight gain is the main barrier to smoking cessation, especially in women. Vigorous exercise reduced weight gain. Nicotine gum, bupropion also temporarily reduced weight gain after smoking cessation, but only while the drug was being administered. As there are sound evidences for the effect of pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation, it is necessary for physicians to integrate it into their daily practices.
Adolescent ; Bupropion ; Cause of Death ; Chronic Disease ; Clonidine ; Drug Therapy* ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Korea ; Long-Term Care ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Nicotine* ; Nortriptyline ; Seizures ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; Tobacco Use Disorder* ; Weight Gain

No abstract available.
Health Promotion* ; Primary Health Care*

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; China ; Humans ; Radiography ; Radiology ; methods

With the progress of society and development of sexual medicine, the therapeutic effects of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) have been improved increasingly. This review summarizes the basic therapeutic approaches to FSD, including psychotherapy, sexual behavior therapy, mechanical skills, life style adjustment, physical exercise, acupuncture, medication, surgery, and gene therapy. It also points out the objective understanding of the limitations of the available therapeutic methods, with stress on patient-oriented comprehensive therapeutic principles and increased attention to recognition education among the patients so as to improve the present status of FSD treatment.
Female ; Humans ; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological ; therapy

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety for the application of low-dose vitamin K antagonist (VKA) during whole pregnancy and low-molecular-weight heparin/heparin at early pregnancy in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods: We searched the Cochrane library (2016 Issue 2), PubMed, EMbase, CBM, Tsinghua Tongfang (CNKI), Wanfang and VIP databases to collect the literatures for the application of low-dose VKA during whole pregnancy and low-molecular-weight heparin/heparin at early pregnancy up to 2016-06. The literatures were independently screened by 2 reviewers and Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: 12 studies were finally enrolled. Meta-analysis presented that compared with the application of low-molecular-weight heparin/heparin at early pregnancy, low-dose VKA during whole pregnancy showed decreased valvular thrombosis rate (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.13-0.54, P<0.001), lower spontaneous abortion rate (OR=1.99, 95% CI 1.21-3.26, P=0.006) and increased fetal abnormality rate (OR=3.39, 95% CI 1.11-10.37, P=0.03); while the maternal mortality (OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.24-2.58, P=0.70), peri-natal bleeding rate (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.27-1.18, P=0.13) and the incidence of stillbirth (OR=1.80, 95% CI 0.94-3.44, P=0.07) were similar between two conditions. Conclusion: Current evidence indicated that the application of low-doseVKA during whole pregnancy decreased the rates of valvular thrombosis and spontaneous abortion in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement, while increased the rate of fetal abnormality. Further investigation is needed to confirm the above conclusion.

Objective　To study diagnostic significance of blink reflex(BR) in cranial Guillain-Barré Syndrome (cGBS). Methods　A comparative study was carried out on BR in 7 cGBS cases and 39 normal subjects.Results　As compared with controls,the cGBS group showed significant differences on latency and amplitude of R1,R2i, R2c component of BR,M wave and R1 conduction time (R1CT) inside the cranial part(P<0.001). Conclusion　The result suggested that BR and facial electromyogram were of great significance in the diagnosis of cGBS and might provide an objective index for clinical differential diagnosis.

Objective To study the effect of femoral offset reconstruction ON the Harris hip score and the hip ROM (range of motion) after artificial hip replacement in femoral neck fractures. Methods Follow-ups were conducted for 47 patients who had undergone artificial hip replacements for their unilateral femoral neck fractures. We took X-ray pictures to compare the femoral offsets at the affected and unaffected hips. The operated hips were evaluated by the Harris hip score. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS l2.0 software. Results The Harris hip score of the operated hip was positively related to femoral offset reconstruction(t=7.25,P＜0.001).There was a significant and positive correlation between femoral offset and the hip abductor ROM(r=0.80,P＜0.001).The rate of femoral offset reconstruction had no significant difference between total hip arthroplasty and bipolar hip arthroplasty (χ2=0,P＞0.05).Conclusions Reconstruction of femoral offset after artificial hip replacement in the femoral neck fractures can improve funetional recovery and ROM of the hip. Femoral offset reconstruction is uncorrelated to the selection of total hip arthroplasty or bipolar hip arthroplasty.

Objective To investigate the characteristic changes of auditory brainstem response (ABR) of nor‐mal hearing infants .Methods A total of 212 cases (327 ears) normal hearing infants were enrolled for ABR test . According to age ,167 ears was in 1~3 months age group ,105 ears was in 3~6 months age group ,55 ears was in 6~12 months age group .Each group consisted of ABR date were statistically analyzed .Results For 75 dB nHL click sound stimulus ,the peak latency and interpeak latency of Ⅲ ,Ⅴ ,Ⅰ — Ⅲ ,Ⅲ — Ⅴ ,Ⅰ — Ⅴwaves of normal hearing infants progressively shortened as they grew older except the wave Ⅰ .The ABR thresholds were in significantly difference among the groups .The amplitude ratio of wave V/I increased with the grewing age .Each group of data showed statistically significant differences .When the stimulus intensity reached at thresholds ,the occurrence rate of wave I ,III and V were different as they grew older .Conclusion Infants with auditory nervous system was in con‐stant development and improvement ,all parts of the auditory pathway of neural development was not balanced .

Objective To evaluate the performance alarms and parameters generated by hematology analyzer during detection of circulating sezary cells of peripheral blood smears.Methods Blood samples from patients with Sezary syndrome (n=21) were studied with Sysmex XN-9000 analyzer,and compared to patients with benign or tumoral skin lesions (n=48) and patients with chronic lymphoproliferative B-cell diseases (n=55) and normal person (n=45) used as control.Results In present series,the value of structural lymphoid parameters (ly-x and ly-z) and the alarm Blast/Abn Lympho were statistically higher in Sezary cases than in control cases (U=37,40,44,55,38,41,all P＜0.05).Screening Sezary cells critical values of ly-x and ly-z determined by ROC curve were greater than or equal to 86 and was more than or equal to 68.The combination of above three indexes up (i.e.alarm Blast/Abn Lympho＞ 100,ly-x=86 and ly-z＞68) sensitivity and specificity respectively for 100 ％ and 92.1 ％,in order to get the best screening Sezary cells diagnostic efficiency.In addition,the value of ly-x was associated to the count of circulating Sezary cells and value of ly-z to the presence of large Sezary cells,both parameters described as prognostic factors.Conclusion The combination of alarm Blast/Abn Lympho and structural parameters (ly-x/ ly-z/ly-y) may allow to define rule of blood slide review to screen circulating Sezary cells.

Objective To evaluate the performance of the CellaVisionTM DM96 analyzer during detection of intracellular para-sites of peripheral blood smears.Methods This study compared the detection rates of Plasmodium and Babesia species on peripheral blood smears utilizing the CellaVision DM9 6 with the rates for a routine red blood cell morphology scan.A total of 307 slides were analyzed,consisting of 142 slides positive for Plasmodium or Babesia species and 165 negative controls. Slides were blinded,randomized,and analyzed by CellaVision 9 6 and microscopy for red cell morphology scans.The technolo-gists were blinded to prior identification.Results The examination of common technician and blood professional technician, whether using optical microscope or CellaVision DM9 6 could accurately identify all the negative control,its specificity was 100%.The sensitivity of blood professionals using CellaVision DM96 was not statistically significant in the sensitivity of the laboratory and the use of light microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium parasites (χ2=0.24,0.03,0.43,P>0.05).The higher percentage of Plasmodium in blood smear,the higher detection rate of CellaVision DM9 6 .When the blood smear Plas-modium white rate greater than 1%,only 2 contain Plasmodium falciparum samples were negative for the miscarriage of j us-tice.The blood smear percentage was higher than 2% CellaVision of Plasmodium DM96 will all the blood smear 100% cor-rect interpretation.Conclusion This study demonstrates that CellaVision had the potential to detect intracellular parasites in routine screening of blood smears resource for storing images to be used for educational purposes,including training technol-ogists in the detection of intracellular parasites.