With the progress of society and development of sexual medicine, the therapeutic effects of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) have been improved increasingly. This review summarizes the basic therapeutic approaches to FSD, including psychotherapy, sexual behavior therapy, mechanical skills, life style adjustment, physical exercise, acupuncture, medication, surgery, and gene therapy. It also points out the objective understanding of the limitations of the available therapeutic methods, with stress on patient-oriented comprehensive therapeutic principles and increased attention to recognition education among the patients so as to improve the present status of FSD treatment.
Female ; Humans ; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological ; therapy

Cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of death in Korea. Smoking should be considered as a chronic disease attributed to nicotine dependence which needs a long term care. Nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms are major barriers to smoking cessation and can be successfully managed by pharmacotherapy. There are two types of pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence, nicotine-replacement therapy(NRT) and nonnicotine-replacement therapy. Nicotine, which can be administered by patch, gum, inhaler, and nasal spray, doubled the smoking cessation rate. NRTs are usually well tolerated. Sustained-release bupropion, an antidepressant, doubled the smoking cessation rate when combined with counselling. Bupropion can induce seizure in less than 0.1% by lowering the seizure threshold. Nortriptyline and clonidine can be used as second line drugs for smoking cessation. They are similar in efficacy compared to NRT or bupropion but they frequently have adverse drug reactions. Combination of bupropion with NRT is more efficacious than NRT alone but not more effective than bupropion alone. There is no convincing evidence to recommend a specific drug for smoking cessation in women. NRT and bupropion can be useful in special situations for adolescent smokers, but evidence is not enough to recommend pharmacotherapy for adolescent smokers. Weight gain is the main barrier to smoking cessation, especially in women. Vigorous exercise reduced weight gain. Nicotine gum, bupropion also temporarily reduced weight gain after smoking cessation, but only while the drug was being administered. As there are sound evidences for the effect of pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation, it is necessary for physicians to integrate it into their daily practices.
Adolescent ; Bupropion ; Cause of Death ; Chronic Disease ; Clonidine ; Drug Therapy* ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Korea ; Long-Term Care ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Nicotine* ; Nortriptyline ; Seizures ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; Tobacco Use Disorder* ; Weight Gain

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; China ; Humans ; Radiography ; Radiology ; methods

No abstract available.
Health Promotion* ; Primary Health Care*

AIM: To investigate the protective effects of artemisinin on mice and its inhibition effects on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines challenged with CpG DNA. METHODS: A total of 60 mice of Kunming species were randomly divided into six groups. Animals received an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine (D-Gal, 600 mg?kg -1) 1 hour prior to intravenous injection of CpG DNA. CpG DNA group received CpG DNA at 4 mg?kg -1 via caudal vein, artemisinin group were orally administered artemisinin at 200 mg?kg -1, CpG DNA plus artemisinin group first received artemisinin at 50, 100, and 200 mg?kg -1, respectively, then received CpG DNA at 4 mg?kg -1, and the control group received the saline only. The mortality was observed within seven days after injection. RAW 264.7 cell lines were cultivated in vitro and stimulated by CpG DNA to release TNF-? and IL-6, then various concentrations of artemisinin were administrated to observe its dose-dependent inhibitory effect, and artemisinin were also added at different time to observe the time-dependent effect. Contents of cytokines in culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: Different concentrations of artemisinin decreased the death of mice challenged with CpG DNA, and the mortality were dropped from 80% to 10% (P

Objective To investigate the characteristic changes of auditory brainstem response (ABR) of nor‐mal hearing infants .Methods A total of 212 cases (327 ears) normal hearing infants were enrolled for ABR test . According to age ,167 ears was in 1~3 months age group ,105 ears was in 3~6 months age group ,55 ears was in 6~12 months age group .Each group consisted of ABR date were statistically analyzed .Results For 75 dB nHL click sound stimulus ,the peak latency and interpeak latency of Ⅲ ,Ⅴ ,Ⅰ — Ⅲ ,Ⅲ — Ⅴ ,Ⅰ — Ⅴwaves of normal hearing infants progressively shortened as they grew older except the wave Ⅰ .The ABR thresholds were in significantly difference among the groups .The amplitude ratio of wave V/I increased with the grewing age .Each group of data showed statistically significant differences .When the stimulus intensity reached at thresholds ,the occurrence rate of wave I ,III and V were different as they grew older .Conclusion Infants with auditory nervous system was in con‐stant development and improvement ,all parts of the auditory pathway of neural development was not balanced .

Objective To evaluate the performance of the CellaVisionTM DM96 analyzer during detection of intracellular para-sites of peripheral blood smears.Methods This study compared the detection rates of Plasmodium and Babesia species on peripheral blood smears utilizing the CellaVision DM9 6 with the rates for a routine red blood cell morphology scan.A total of 307 slides were analyzed,consisting of 142 slides positive for Plasmodium or Babesia species and 165 negative controls. Slides were blinded,randomized,and analyzed by CellaVision 9 6 and microscopy for red cell morphology scans.The technolo-gists were blinded to prior identification.Results The examination of common technician and blood professional technician, whether using optical microscope or CellaVision DM9 6 could accurately identify all the negative control,its specificity was 100%.The sensitivity of blood professionals using CellaVision DM96 was not statistically significant in the sensitivity of the laboratory and the use of light microscopy for the detection of Plasmodium parasites (χ2=0.24,0.03,0.43,P>0.05).The higher percentage of Plasmodium in blood smear,the higher detection rate of CellaVision DM9 6 .When the blood smear Plas-modium white rate greater than 1%,only 2 contain Plasmodium falciparum samples were negative for the miscarriage of j us-tice.The blood smear percentage was higher than 2% CellaVision of Plasmodium DM96 will all the blood smear 100% cor-rect interpretation.Conclusion This study demonstrates that CellaVision had the potential to detect intracellular parasites in routine screening of blood smears resource for storing images to be used for educational purposes,including training technol-ogists in the detection of intracellular parasites.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety for the application of low-dose vitamin K antagonist (VKA) during whole pregnancy and low-molecular-weight heparin/heparin at early pregnancy in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods: We searched the Cochrane library (2016 Issue 2), PubMed, EMbase, CBM, Tsinghua Tongfang (CNKI), Wanfang and VIP databases to collect the literatures for the application of low-dose VKA during whole pregnancy and low-molecular-weight heparin/heparin at early pregnancy up to 2016-06. The literatures were independently screened by 2 reviewers and Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: 12 studies were finally enrolled. Meta-analysis presented that compared with the application of low-molecular-weight heparin/heparin at early pregnancy, low-dose VKA during whole pregnancy showed decreased valvular thrombosis rate (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.13-0.54, P<0.001), lower spontaneous abortion rate (OR=1.99, 95% CI 1.21-3.26, P=0.006) and increased fetal abnormality rate (OR=3.39, 95% CI 1.11-10.37, P=0.03); while the maternal mortality (OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.24-2.58, P=0.70), peri-natal bleeding rate (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.27-1.18, P=0.13) and the incidence of stillbirth (OR=1.80, 95% CI 0.94-3.44, P=0.07) were similar between two conditions. Conclusion: Current evidence indicated that the application of low-doseVKA during whole pregnancy decreased the rates of valvular thrombosis and spontaneous abortion in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement, while increased the rate of fetal abnormality. Further investigation is needed to confirm the above conclusion.

OBJECTIVE To explore the incidence of the nosocomial infection in patients with mental diseases,(analyze) the correlative factors and then reduce the incidence.(METHODS) By using the retrospective method,the(inpatient) cases in psychiatry department from Jan 2000 to Dec 2004 were surveyed and statistically analyzed.(RESULTS) There were 313 cases of nosocomial infection from 9 089 inpatients with mental diseases.The infection rate was(3.44%.) The total rate had been dropped year by year.The major sites of the infection were the(upper)(respiratory) tract(34.82%),the gastrointestinal tract(20.45%) and the urinary system(18.53%).The(infection) rate in ladies patient area(3.83%) was significantly higher than that of gentlemen patient area(3.07%)(P

Objective To investigate the effects of rocuronium on the neuromuscular junction of rat diaphragm. Methods One hundred and sixty rats were used in the study which was approved by the Animal Care Committee of the General Hospital of PLA. In isolated non-uniformly stretched muscle preparation (INSMP) of rat diaphragm, micro-endplate potentials (MEPP) and endplate potentials (EPP) were recorded simultaneously with one microelectrode of one endplate. The effects of rocuronium in dosages of 2.5, 5, 10, 20?g/ml on the amplitude and frequency of MEPP and the amplitude of EPP were observed. Results Rocuronium could decrease both the amplitude and frequency of MEPP obviously and the onset time was 1min after drug administration. The amplitude of EPP was depressed by rocuronium in a dose of 5?g/ml at 3min. Neither 2.5?g/ml nor 0.5?g/ml of rocuronium produced any effect on the amplitude of EPP. Conclusion The results indicated that rocuronium might produce a rapid and early presynaptic effect on neuromuscular junction in INSMP in rats.