Fundamental specialized courses are important due to their connection between fundamental knowledge and major knowledge,which are regarded as the difficult courses for undergraduates to learn.The useful approaches and experience of bilingual teaching in microbiology,one of the fundamental specialized courses for the students majoring in Bioengineering,are presented here.The key aspects such as choosing textbooks,teaching manners and teaching contents are also discussed.This paper also proposes how to improve the quality of bilingual teaching during the fundamental specialized courses.

Multi-drug resistance(MDR) is the most frequent reason for tumor chemotherapeutic failure.ATP binding cassette(ABC) drug transporters play an important role in tumor MDR.ABCC1 is one of the members of ABC transporter super-family,which lead to drug risistance via discarding drug out of cell or changing the drug distribution in a cell.In this article,we reviewed the advance in MDR mediated by ABCC1 and its reverse.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of double-lumen balloon catheter applied in patients with achalasia of cricopharyngeal muscle. Method Fifty patients with achalasia of cricopharyngeal muscle were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. All the patients received routine drug treatment,swallowing function training,feeding training and low frequency VitalStim electric stimulation. In addition,double-lumen balloon catheter and #14 urinary catheters were applied to patients in the experimental group and control group,respectively. The swallow water tests and video fluoroscopy swallowing study(VFSS) were used to evaluate the treatment effects,the electron-nasopharyngolaryngoscope was used to assess bleeding and swelling of mucous membrane,and VRS-5 was used to assess pain. Result After treatment,the scores of swallow water tests and VFSS were significantly better than those before treatment in both groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). However,the incidence of complications was significantly higher in the control group than that of experimental group(P<0.05). Conclusion Both treatment methods can effectively relieve the achalasia of cricopharyngeal muscle,but modified double-lumen balloon catheter can reduce the incidence of complications.

Cardiomyopathies ; classification ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Humans

Objective To synthesize a quantum dot (QD) to recognize glioma cells for imaging and photodynamic therapy. Methods By one-pot aqueous approach, near infrared-emitting CdTe was produced. After detection of its physicochemical characterizations, RGD was conjugated. Emission images were observed with confocal microscopy. To test its toxicity, CdTe-RGD with various concentrations was separately added into U251 and 3T3 cells for incubation in dark circulation. To test its photodynamic effect, U251 and 3T3 cells were then irradiated for 5 ~ 60 min using 632.8 nm laser. Results The QD (Φ = 3.75 nm, PL peak wavelength =700 nm, PLQY=20%) achieved was a spherical crystal with excellent monodispersity. Under confocal microscope , U251 cells were visualized but 3T3 cells not. In dark circulation, the survival rates of both U251 and 3T3 cells were above 85%. After laser irradiation, the survival rate of U251 cells decreased to (37 ± 1.6)%with the increasing of irradiation time and CdTe-RGD concentration. Conclusion With good physicochemical characterization and low toxicity, CdTe-RGD could be applied in biomedical imaging and photodynamic therapy of gliomas.

Background and purpose:Ca2+plays a very important role in the maintenance of cell biological functions. The storage, release and uptake capacity of Ca2+ is controlled by endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ca2+ homeo-stasis is essential for cellular energy metabolism and proper protein folding. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cytoplasmic Ca2+ on cisplatin induced ER stress-mediated autophagy in ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 and its underlying mechanism.Methods:The ovarian cancer SKOV3 was used as a study object. The experiment consisted of three parts:① To explore the possible relationship between cisplatin-induced ER stress and autophagy, SKOV3 cells were treated with cisplatin for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively;② To explore the possible relationship between ER stress induced Ca2+ effux and autophagy, SKOV3 cells were treated with cisplatin for 0, 9 and 12 h, respectively, and TG was used as a positive control;③ To explore the effects of blocking calcium effux on autophagy, SKOV3 cells were divided into control group, cisplatin group, TG group, BAPTA-AM group, cisplatin combined with BAPTA-AM group and TG com-bined with BAPTA-AM group. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of GRP78 and LC3. Fluo-4 calcium lfuorescent probe was used to examine cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Confocal microscopy was used to detect LC3 level by immunolfurescence staining.Results:Compared to control group (0.679±0.011), GRP78 was signiifcantly accumulated at 6, 12 and 24 h after cisplatin treatment and reached the maximum value at 6 h (1.393±0.004,P=0.000). Similarly, compared to control group (0.038±0.000), LC3 puncta were clearly seen after cisplatin treatment and reached the maxi-mum value at 12 h (0.072±0.002,P=0.000). Using confocal microscopy, we found that cisplatin and TG increased LC3 punctate accumulation and cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in a time-dependent manner. Immunolfuorescent method showed that treatment with cisplatin combined with BAPTA-AM or TG combined with BAPTA-AM increased LC3 punctate accumulation induced by cisplatin or TG. The results of Western blot showed that cisplatin combined with BAPTA-AM (0.071±0.001) or TG combined with BAPTA-AM (0.065±0.001) signiifcantly increased LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio induced by cisplatin (0.039±0.000,P=0.000) or TG (0.035±0.001,P=0.000).Conclusion:Cisplatin induces intracellular ER stress and autophagy in SKOV3 cells, accompanied by increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. Chelating cytoplasmic Ca2+enhanc-es cisplatin-induced autophagy.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of iodine-enhanced image of dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules.Methods Thirty patients with thyroid nodules underwent DSCT imaging with dual-source computed tomography.All thyroid nodules were confirmed by operation or biopsy.Iodine concentration in the thyroid nodule and normal thyroid tissue were calculated and not enhanced.A receiver operator characteristic curve in SPSS software was utilized to select critical value of optimum sensitivity and specificity.The data were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were 30 patients with 40 thyroid nodules (17 malignant nodules,23 benign nodules).The range of iodine concentration in malignant nodules was -2.4-0.9 mg/ml(median-0.5 mg/ml),and that in normal thyroid tissue was-0.9-2.2 mg/ml (median 0.7 mg/ml).The range of iodine concentration in benign nodules was 1.5-4.4 mg/ml(median 2.4 mg/ml),and that in normal thyroid tissue was 1.5-4.3 mg/ml (median 2.6 mg/ml).Among them,the iodine concentration in the solid part of benign nodules was significantly higher than that in malignant nodules,the difference was statistically significant(Z=-3.23,P=0.21).When critical value was 0.15 mg/ml,sensitivity was 82.40％,specificity was 81.00％.Conclusion Iodine-enhanced images with DSCT in non-enhanced weighted images may be an implement tool for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant nodules of the thyroid gland.

Objective To observe the expressions of efflux pump gene cluster adeAB in acinetobacter baumannii isolated from the burn patients and the expression changes of its upstream regulatory genes adeR and adeS and determine the influence of those genes on drug resistance of acinetobacter baumannii.Methods Nine drug-resistant strains and nine sensitive strains of acinetobacter baumannii isolated from the burn patients treated between June 2012 and March 2013 were used.After strain identification using 16SrDNA sequencing,acinetobacter baumannii standard strain ATCC19606 was employed as the control.mRNA expressions of efllux pump genes adeA and adeB and their upstream regulatory genes adeR and adeS were detected by real-time quantitative PCR.Results (1) adeA and adeB genes presented higher expressions in drug-resistant strains (3.71 ±0.95,76.16 ± 8.75) than in sensitive strains (0.92 ± 0.94,0.72 ± 0.78) (F =38.71,663.65 respectively,both P ＜ 0.05).(2) adeS and adeR genes showed higher expressions in drug resistant strains (18.02 ± 6.71,3.02 ± 2.69) than in sensitive strains (1.64±1.51,0.76±0.61) (F =51.04,5.57 respectively,bothP＜0.05).Conclusions The over-expression of efflux pump gene cluster adeAB induced by the expression alteration of its upstream regulatory genes adeR and adeS is closely associated with the drug resistance of acinetobacter baumannii in the burn patient.Besides,the regulatory genes may depend on adeS to sense the nosocomial environment condition,activate or inactivate adeR and hence regulate efflux pump expression.

Objective To investigate the influence of abaI expression on acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation.Methods Acinetobacter baumannii strain S isolated from bums patients was collected for the study,while the standard strain ATCC19606 was served as the control.At 6,24 and 48 hours,the gene expressions of abaI,pgaA,pgaB and pgaC were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PT-PCR,secretion of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) by biological sensor and biofilm formation by MTT method.Results (1) Gene expressions of abaI,pgaA,pgaB and pgaC at 6 hours were 8.63 ±5.93,1.98 ± 1.93,1.01 ± 1.32 and 2.67 ± 3.46 respectively,which showed a quick increase at 24 hours (22.81 ± 17.60,5.13 ± 4.32,5.66 ± 3.97,11.97 ± 7.75 respectively),followed by a rapid decline in 48 hours (3.43 ± 0.88,1.30 ± 0.24,3.01 ± 3.00,3.02 ± 3.29 respectively).Gene expressions of pgaB and pgaC at 6 hours and that of pgaA and pgaC at 48 hours revealed statistically significant differences from those at 24 hours (P ＜ 0.05).(2) AHLs showed a level of 18.49 ± 11.03 at 6 hours,reached a peak of 52.23 ± 15.95 at 24 hours,then descended to 5.53 ± 0.94 at 48 hours.AHLs level at 24 hours showed statistically significant difference from that at 6 hours and 48 hours (P ＜ 0.05).(3)Biofilm formation at 24 hours and 48 hours was 2.83 ±0.44 and 2.71 ±0.15 respectively,far higher than that at 6 hours (0.49 ± 0.11,P ＜ 0.05).(4) In the correlation analysis among AHLs,biofilm formation and gene abaI,pgaA,pgaB and pgaC expressions,significant positive correlation was found between abaI and pgaA and between AHLs and pgaC expression (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Acinetobacter baumannii may regulate gene expressions of pgaA and pgaC responsible for biofilm formation to adjust to the external environment by means of changing abaI gene expression and AHLs secretion.

Objective To explore the value of minimal residual disease with acute myeloid leukemia in prognostic evaluation and its correlation with cell morphology and genetics.Methods A total of 105 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (non M3) was used as the research subjects to evaluate the correlation between the level of minimal residual disease (MRD) and the degree of cellular morphological remission,and cytogenetics.According to the different levels of MRD,78 patients of cell morphology complete remission (CR) were grouped to evaluate the one-year recurrence rate after the first chemotherapy treatment.Results The correlation was evaluated between MRD level and morphological remission in 105 patients with AML after initial chemotherapy.In the degree of cellular morphological remission cell evaluation showed 78 (74.29％) cases of CR,27 (25.71％) cases of partial remission (PR) or non remission (NR).Among 78 cases of CR,MRD negative rate was 66.67％ (52/78),MRD was 33.33％ (26/78);and 27 cases of NR or PR,MRD was 100％ (27/27).The correlation between MRD level and cytogenetic evaluation,cytogenetic prognosis group and prognosis of middle group and poor prognosis group,and the negative rate of MRD were 66.67％,45.90％,and 35.29％,without significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Seventy eight patients with CR were divided into two groups according to the level of MRD to evaluate the recurrence rate of the 1 year,the recurrence rate of the positive group was significantly higher than that of the negative group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions With the development of hematology,the meaning of CR deeply,using flow cytometry method to detect the MRD,MRD positive cells relapse earlier than the traditional morphology,it has important clinical significance for guiding treatment and early prediction of recurrence of CR AML.