Exendin-4,a peptide analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1),is presently in clinical trials as a therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Exendin-4 selectively acts on GLP-1 receptors,which are coupled to the cAMP nucleotide second messenger pathway to enhance the survival and plasticity of neurons in the brain.Exendin-4 has potent effects on homeostasis of Ca2+,on multiple targets to block apoptotic signaling pathways,and on neuronal proliferation and differentiation.It has also been demonstrated to possess properties against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity.In this review the functions of exendin-4 on central nerve system and the potentia therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative diseases will be involved.

Side population cells (SPs) are selected by the efflux features of fluorescent dye Hoechst33342.SPs have the characteristics of cancer stem cells,and play an extremely important role in the occurrence and development of tumors.At present,the SPs in common types of malignant tumor have been studied extensively at home and abroad.The study of SPs may shed some light on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is the disease with the pathological features of gastric mucosa inherent glands atrophy, mucous membrane thinning, muscularis mucosa thickening, gastric acid secretion decreasing, or along with intestinal metaplasia or pseudopyloric metaplasia. TCM differential treatment has obvious advantages. Through the summary of the literature on CAG, the authors summarize the aspects of etiology and pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation characteristic and their relations with gastroscopic image, pathology, and Helicobacter pylori infection, with a purpose to provide references for TCM clinic.

Humans ; Medical Staff ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Occupational Health

The Toxoplasma gondii vaccine is the best way to prevent Toxoplasma gondii infection. The improvement of the biological techology promots the study of Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. The newest study progresses of Toxoplasma gondii genetic engineering vaccine,which is summarized on the basis of the current study results,is respected to provide new aspects of the Toxoplasma gondii vaccine study for the researches.

AIM:ToexplorewhetherMCP-1-JAK2/STAT3signaltransductioninthespinaldorsalhornin-volves the formation and development of rat type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP).METHODS: The male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high-fat and fructose diet for 8 weeks,and then received a single intraperitoneal streptozocin in-jection to prepare the type 2 DNP model.The type 2 DNP rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=16):DNP group, MCP-1 neutralizing (DM) group, DNP+AG490 (DA) group and solvent control (SC) group.A catheter of PE-10 was placed into the subarachnoid space of the rats in groups DM , DA and SC.After 3 d, the rats in DM,DA and SC groups were injected with MCP-1 inhibitor 10μL at 0.1 mg/L, AG490 10μL at 1 mmol/L and DMSO 10μL at 3.5%once a day for 14 days, respectively.Another 16 normal rats were selected as control (C) group and were fed with common forage. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were measured at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d after subarachnoid injection .The lumbar segments 4-6 of the spinal cord were removed at the same time for determination of the expressions of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 by Western blot .RESULTS:Compared with C group , MWT was significantly de-creased, TWL was shortened and the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in the spinal dorsal horn was up-regulated at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d in DNP and SC groups (P<0.05).Compared with DNP group, MWT was significantly increased, TWL was prolonged and the expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in spinal dorsal horn was down-regulated at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d in DM and DA groups (P<0.05).No significant difference in the MWT, TWL and expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 between DNP group and SC group was observed (P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The MCP-1-JAK2/STAT3 signal transduction in the spinal dorsal horn involves the formation and development of DNP in rats .

Translational medicine is inevitable in the development of modern medicine, and the uprising concept of translational medicine provides an opportunity for the development of Chinese medicine (CM). Their ideas are well communicated. There are two patterns of researching on CM based on translational medicine: 'literature to bench to bedside' and 'bench to bedside to bench'. CM has her advantages in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. Effective methods for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease by CM should be further studied based on translational medicine concepts.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; therapy ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional ; Translational Medical Research

Metformin is the most commonly prescibed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus as it is inexpensive, safe, and efficient in ameliorating hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that diabetic population is not only at increased risk of cardiovascular complications, but also at substantially higher risk of many forms of malignancies. Meanwhile, epidemiological and clinical observation studies have shown that metformin use reduces risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and improves prognosis and survival rate of the cancer patients. Furthermore, metformin has been used for cancer therapy in clinical trials. Thus, metformin is emerging as a new cancer therapy or adjuvant anticancer drugs. This review summarizes recent progress in studies of metformin use and its molecular mechanism.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Metformin ; therapeutic use ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy

Aged ; China ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; L Forms ; drug effects ; Middle Aged ; Mining ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; drug effects ; Silicotuberculosis ; microbiology

BACKGROUND:The assessment for long-term efficacy of chronic ischemic disease is more important than the short-term efficacy assessment, which associates with patient’s long-term quality of life and long-term survival rate. OBJECTIVE:To observe the 5-year folow-up outcomes of autologous bone marrow stem cel transplantation for the treatment of thromboangitis obliterans. METHODS:This study enroled 43 patients of thromboangitis obliterans who underwent autologous bone marrow stem cel transplantation from August 2007 to January 2010 in the Department of Thyroid Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. At 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after transplantation, pain, cold sensation, and intermittent claudication distance were folowed up by telephone; changes in limb ulcers were observed. At 1 year after transplantation, venous oxygen partial pressure and oxygen saturation of limbs were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 38 thromboangitis obliterans patients with complete folow-up data were included in the final analysis. Compared to the preoperation, pain, cold sensation, and intermittent claudication significantly improved. The difference was statisticaly significant (Z values:-4.277,-5.086,-3.574, P < 0.001). Compared with 1-5 years after operation, pain and cold sensation had no statisticaly difference (P >0.05). Intermittent claudication distance had increased. Differences in terms of intermittent claudication distance was statisticaly significant (Z=43.898,P < 0.001). Significant differences in venous oxygen partial pressure and oxygen saturation were detected between preoperation and 1-year posttransplantation (tvalues: 36.790, 43.964,P values: 0.040, 0.037). Above results suggest that autologous bone marrow stem cel transplantation for thromboangitis obliterans obtained stable long-term outcomes.