[Summary] Treatment of type 2 diabetes which is characterized by the progressive β-cell dysfunction currently faces various challenges.A new generation of drug need to protect β-cell function in early stage of the disease.Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue and provides a new therapeutic option due to its unique clinical efficacy.Early and long-term usage of liraglutide improves glycemic control,reduces body weight and systolic blood pressure,as well as protects β-cell function for the patients with diabetes.

Adrenal gland is an important endocrine organ. A variety of diseases may develop in this gland. Due to the development of new methods of biochemical and imaging techniques in the diagnosis of adrenal gland, as well as the number of patients operated on for adrenal diseases was increased, the understanding of adrenal gland diseases has been enhanced. Adrenal incidentaloma is common. Chronic vascular complications are often seen in primary aldosteronism. The plasma ACTH level measurement is important for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adrenal cortical diseases.

In order to investigate whether glibenclamide has antiplatelet effect or not, a prospective study of six months was carried out in 11 NIDDM whose metabolic disorders could not be controlled by diet alone. The results showed that both platelet adhesion and ADP-induced platelet aggregation were remarkably reduced after 2,4, and 6 months of treatment with glibenclamide as compared with those before treatment (P

GFR was measured by 99mTc-DTPA in 18 cases of IDDM and 12cases of NIDDM without detectable microvascular complications, and the results were compared with that of 17 controls. The GFR of IDDM was 150.7 ml/ min / 1.73m2 (M?SE), 25.1% higher than that of controls(120.5?4.1ml /min / 1.73m2). No relationship between the GRF in IDDM and the course of diabetes, blood sugar or glycosylated hemoglobin Ax was found. The GFR of NIDDM was not elevated. It suggests that elevated GFR might be one of the abnormal characteristics of renal functional changes in early IDDM. The mechanism of elevated GFR and its possible role in the development of diabetic nephropathy were discussed.

As the first oral anti-diabetic drug special for post-prandial blood glucose.Acarbose (Glucobay) is well accepted by the Chinese doctors and patients in the past decade.and has become a kind of widely-used oral antidiabetic drugs,which seems to be different with the western countries.Was it occasional? Or did it have some unknown reasons?

10mmol/L, and then regulated to 7.8-10.0mmol/L.

Diabetes prevalence increased year by year,among which population of gestational diabetes mellitus,children and adolecnts with diabetes,and older adults with diabetes were also increased.These special population are different in physiological charateriscs and treatment demands.Here we reviewed the management challenges and strategies for these special diabetes populations.

Objective To analyze the progress of diabetes research in recent years and to raise the understanding of the knowledge of diabetes.Methods Literature concerning diabetes published domestically and abroad in recent years were retrieved.The significance of advances gained in prevention and treatment of diabetes was analyzed.Results Evidence-based medicine data from a large number of multicenter clinical trials showed that general principles of intensive blood glucose control are as follows:controlling plasma glucose as early as possible,individualized strategy,and controlling other cardiovascular risks in addition to plasma glucose control.New drugs for treating type 2 diabetes were developed rapidly.Glycogon-like peptide-1 analogue and DPP-4 inhibitor have multiple effects of lowering plasma glucose and have good prospects in clinical application.Some studies indicated that gastric surgical procedure could significantly reduce hyperglycemia in excessively obese subjects with diabetes.CGM technique has become one effective method for monitoring the plasma glucose dynamically,which is helpful in controlling blood glucose.Intensive lifestyle intervention could not only prevent diabetes but also had some prolonged effects on macro-and microvascular complications of diabetes.Early intensive insulin treatment could protect the B cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and maintain good control of blood glucose in long term.Conclusions The recent studies on diabetes have thrown important influences onto diabetes prevention and treatment.The priorities in the study in the armed forces in next 5 years may include prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

[Summary] There is a complementary or synergistic action of saxagliptin and metformin when used in combination. Combination therapy with saxagliptin and metformin can effectively reduce blood glucose and body weight with a low risk of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes. Additionally,the cardiovascular safety of saxagliptin has been confirmed by the SAVOR study,whereas a cardiovascular protective effect of metformin has been demonstrated by the UKPDS study. As being taken orally once daily,saxagliptin and metformin extended-release fix-dose combination tablet can further improve patients′compliance and adherence. According to the guidelines,this tablet could be recommended as the initial treatment for newlydiagnosed type 2 diabetes with HbA1 c higher than 7. 5%,or in those with inadequately glycemic control under metformin monotherapy.

[Summary] Acarbose is a kind of α-glucosidases that binds competitively to the complex oligosaccharide at the brush border of the small intestine,thus delaying the breakdown of sucrose and starch and the absorption of glucose and fructose. During the exacerbation of T2DM,Acarbose mono therapy gradually failed to control blood glucose,and should be combined with other oral hypoglycemic agents,such as Metformin,insulin secretagogues,dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)inhibitors,glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1),sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2)inhibitors or insulin. Here we reviewed recent researches about the therapeutic effect of Acarbose in combination with other anti-diabetic agents.