ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue adhesive injection with the assistance of metal clips in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with gastric varices and gastric-renal shunt （GRS）. MethodsThe patients who attended Beijing Ditan Hospital， Capital Medical University， due to liver cirrhosis and gastric varices from February to June 2023 were enrolled， and all patients were confirmed to have GRS and received endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue adhesive injection with the assistance of metal clips. The primary evaluation index was alleviation or disappearance of varicose veins after surgery， and the secondary evaluation indices were surgical completion and complications. ResultsA total of 11 patients were enrolled in this study， among whom there were 7 male patients and 4 female patients， with a median age of 55 years. Of all patients， 1 had Child class A liver function， 7 had Child class B liver function， and 3 had Child class C liver function. The maximum （median） diameter of the shunt was 8 mm， and the minimum （median） diameter of the shunt was 4 mm. The median blood flow velocity of the target vessel was 11 cm/s before treatment and 5 cm/s after occlusion with metal clips. The median amount of tissue adhesive injected was 2 mL， and the amount of lauromacrogol used was 1 mL. Disappearance of blood flow signals was observed in all patients after surgery （100%）， and the success rate of surgery was 100%. No patient experienced rebleeding after follow-up for 6 weeks. Gastroscopy at 1 month after surgery showed that gastric varices were eradicated or almost disappeared in 9 patients and were alleviated in 2 patients. ConclusionEndoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue adhesive injection with the assistance of metal clips is a feasible， safe， and effective treatment method for cirrhotic patients with gastric varices and GRS.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the concentration of air pollutants (PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) and the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases in a general hospital in Shanghai. Methods Data including pediatric respiratory disease outpatient and emergency visits in a hospital in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from May 1, 2013 to March 20, 2022 were collected. Daily concentration of air pollutants including PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ and meteorological data in Pudong New Area during the same period were collected. A case-crossover study with distributed lag non-linear model was conducted to explore the correlation between air pollutants (PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) and the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. Results The concentrations of PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ were positively with the number of outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. The strongest cumulative effect was observed on six days lag (Lag0-5) for PM₁₀. For a 10 μg/m³ increase of the concentrations of PM₁₀, the corresponding increase of cumulative pediatric respiratory disease outpatients was 1.10% (95%CI:0.97%, 1.23%) in Lag0-5. The strongest cumulative effect was observed on eight days lag (Lag0-7) for SO₂ and NO₂. For a 10 μg /m³ increase of the concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂, the corresponding increase of cumulative pediatric respiratory disease outpatients was 5.64% (95%CI:5.16%, 6.13%) and 5.41% (95%CI:5.15%, 5.66%) in Lag 0-7, respectively. The association of PM₁₀ and SO₂ with the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in males was significantly stronger than that in females. The impact of PM₁₀ on the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in children aged 0-6 was higher than that in children aged 7-14, while the impact of SO₂ and NO₂ on the number of pediatric respiratory disease visits in children aged 7-14 was higher than that in children aged 0-6. Conclusion The concentration of ambient PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂ is positively correlated with outpatient and emergency visits for pediatric respiratory diseases, with obvious lag and cumulative effect. Boys and children aged 0-6 are more susceptible to the hazard of air pollution.

Objective:To characterize and analyze the genetic variation of hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 subtype virus in Shandong Province, and explore the genetic variation patterns for providing reference for influenza monitoring, epidemic prevention and control, and vaccine strain selection.Methods:HA gene sequences of the recommended strains of influenza vaccine from 2009 to 2024 and the representative strains of each branch were downloaded from the GISAID Influenza Data Platform, and were phylogenetically analyzed and characterized in terms of amino acid site variation with the HA gene sequences of 298 influenza A (H1N1) virus strains isolated from Shandong Province. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method of the IQ-TREE online tool, and the amino acid site variants were viewed using MegAlign software. The potential glycosylation sites of the HA gene were predicted using the NetNGlyc 1.0 online software.Results:The HA gene homology of the 298 influenza A (H1N1) viruses isolated in Shandong Province ranged from 91.2% to 100.0%. The evolutionary branches were gradually distantly related over time, but the direction of evolution was roughly the same as that in other provinces. Amino acid mutations in the HA occurred every year and most were found in the antigenic determinants.Conclusions:The HA genes of influenza viruses isolated in Shandong Province from 2009 to 2024 are still in the process of continuous evolution, and continuous monitoring of the epidemiological trends and the evolutionary directions of influenza viruses is essential for early warning of influenza virus pandemics.

Objective:To study the infection of human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and human adenovirus in Jinan from April 2018 to March 2019, and analyze epidemiological characteristics of human adenovirus.Methods:All of 1969 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from hospitalized patients with acute respiratory tract infections in The Fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Qilu Children′s Hospital of Shandong University, Peoples Hospital of Zhangqiu District from April 2018 to March 2019, fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the positive rate of human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and human adenovirus. Seven adenovirus positive samples were isolated and examined by sequencing, then we determined adenovirus type, constructed gene phylogenetic trees for analysis.Results:Of the 1969 samples, 242 were positive, the total positive rate was 12.30% (242/1969), the positive rate was 3.00% (59/1969) for rhinovirus, 6.30% (124/1969) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and 3.86% (76/1969) for adenovirus. There was no significant difference in the detective rate of rhinovirus in different age groups (Fisher′s exact test value =8.376, P=0.720), the positive rates of RSV and adenovirus in different age groups was statistically significant ( χ2=19.28, 12.16; P=0.001, 0.016). There was a statistically significant difference in the positive rate of adenovirus between different sexes ( χ2=14.33, P<0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference in the positive rate of rhinovirus and RSV between males and females ( χ2=0.30, 2.90, P=0.862, 0.089). Comparing the positive rates of viral nucleic acid in different months, we found that the positive rate of rhinovirus, RSV and adenovirus separately reached the highest in October, December and November (8.61%, 26.50% and 8.84%). We constructed a gene phylogenetic tree after seven positive samples of adenoviruses were sequenced, by the molecular typing method we detected that seven adenovirus-positive samples were all HAdV-2 type. Conclusions:By comparing the epidemiological trends of human rhinovirus, RSV and human adenovirus in Jinan from April 2018 to March 2019 in different ages, genders, and months, providing reference basis for the early prevention and clinical treatment of acute respiratory tract infection.

Objective:To understand the common viral infection among the surveillance cases of fever respiratory syndrome (FRS) in nine provinces in China.Methods:The research data were obtained from nine provinces (Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Hebei, Hunan, Jilin, Shandong, Shaanxi and Xinjiang) in the "Infectious Disease Surveillance Technology Platform Information Management System" of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2009 to June 2021. Finally, 8 243 FRS cases with nucleic acid detection results of eight viruses [human influenza virus (HIFV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human adenovirus (HAdV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV) and human Boca virus (HBoV)] were included in the study. The χ 2 test/Fisher exact probability method was used to analyze the difference of virus detection rate in different age groups, regions and seasons. Results The M ( Q1, Q3) age of 8 243 FRS cases was 4 (1, 18) years old, and 56.56% (4 662 cases) were children under 5 years old. Males accounted for 58.1% (4 792 cases) of all cases. All cases were from outpatient/emergency department (2 043 cases) and inpatient department (6 200 cases). The virus detection rates of FRS cases from high to low were HRSV, HIFV, HPIV, HRV, HAdV, HMPV, HCoV and HBoV. Two or more viruses were detected simultaneously in 524 cases, accounting for 15.66% of virus-positive cases. The difference of the virus detection rate in different age groups was statistically significant (all P values<0.05), and the virus detection rate in children<5 years old was higher (49.96%). The positive rate of any virus in south China was higher than that in north China ( P<0.001). The virus-positive FRS cases were detected throughout the year. The detection rate of HRSV was higher in autumn and winter. The detection rate of HIFV was higher in winter. The detection rate of HMPV was higher in winter and spring. The detection rates of HPIV, HRV, HCoV and HBoV were higher in summer and autumn, while there was no significant difference in the detection rate of HAdV in different seasons. Compared with 2009-2019, the detection rate of any virus in 2020-2021 decreased from 41.37% to 37.86%. The detection rate of HIFV decreased sharply from 10.62% to 1.37%. The detection rate of HPIV decreased from 8.24% to 5.88%. The detection rate of HRV and HBoV increased from 5.43% and 1.79% to 9.67% and 3.19%, respectively. Conclusion:HRSV and HIFV infections are more common among FRS cases in nine provinces in China from 2009 to 2021, and the epidemiological characteristics of eight common respiratory viruses vary in different age groups, regions and seasons.

Objective:To understand the common viral infection among the surveillance cases of fever respiratory syndrome (FRS) in nine provinces in China.Methods:The research data were obtained from nine provinces (Anhui, Beijing, Guangdong, Hebei, Hunan, Jilin, Shandong, Shaanxi and Xinjiang) in the "Infectious Disease Surveillance Technology Platform Information Management System" of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2009 to June 2021. Finally, 8 243 FRS cases with nucleic acid detection results of eight viruses [human influenza virus (HIFV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human adenovirus (HAdV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV) and human Boca virus (HBoV)] were included in the study. The χ 2 test/Fisher exact probability method was used to analyze the difference of virus detection rate in different age groups, regions and seasons. Results The M ( Q1, Q3) age of 8 243 FRS cases was 4 (1, 18) years old, and 56.56% (4 662 cases) were children under 5 years old. Males accounted for 58.1% (4 792 cases) of all cases. All cases were from outpatient/emergency department (2 043 cases) and inpatient department (6 200 cases). The virus detection rates of FRS cases from high to low were HRSV, HIFV, HPIV, HRV, HAdV, HMPV, HCoV and HBoV. Two or more viruses were detected simultaneously in 524 cases, accounting for 15.66% of virus-positive cases. The difference of the virus detection rate in different age groups was statistically significant (all P values<0.05), and the virus detection rate in children<5 years old was higher (49.96%). The positive rate of any virus in south China was higher than that in north China ( P<0.001). The virus-positive FRS cases were detected throughout the year. The detection rate of HRSV was higher in autumn and winter. The detection rate of HIFV was higher in winter. The detection rate of HMPV was higher in winter and spring. The detection rates of HPIV, HRV, HCoV and HBoV were higher in summer and autumn, while there was no significant difference in the detection rate of HAdV in different seasons. Compared with 2009-2019, the detection rate of any virus in 2020-2021 decreased from 41.37% to 37.86%. The detection rate of HIFV decreased sharply from 10.62% to 1.37%. The detection rate of HPIV decreased from 8.24% to 5.88%. The detection rate of HRV and HBoV increased from 5.43% and 1.79% to 9.67% and 3.19%, respectively. Conclusion:HRSV and HIFV infections are more common among FRS cases in nine provinces in China from 2009 to 2021, and the epidemiological characteristics of eight common respiratory viruses vary in different age groups, regions and seasons.

Objective To analyze the rebleeding rate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) after endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding and then assessed the risk factors of the rebleeding in the patients. Methods This study retrospectively recruited 169 hepatitis B-associated HCC patients complicated with PVTT and esophagogastric variceal bleeding treated by endoscopy in Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Ditan Hospital from September 2008 to December 2016. Among them, 47 patients had PVTT Ⅱ, 67 patients had PVTT Ⅲ, and 55 patients had PVTT Ⅳ. Their clinicopathological and follow-up data were retrieved from the medical records and statistically analyzed. Continuous data were compared among groups using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test. Categorial data were compared among groups using Chi-square test or corrected Fisher test. The Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank test were performed to analyze the rebleeding rate and cumulative survival rates after treatment. The univariate multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors affecting the rebleeding of patients. Results Compared with PVTT Ⅱ and Ⅲ, PVTT Ⅳ patients had a higher serum level of the direct bilirubin ( Z =6.153, P =0.046). The endoscopy treatment successfully blocked esophagogastric variceal bleeding in all patients. There was no significant difference in the rebleeding rates within six months and a year after the treatment (all P > 0.05). It was also no statistically significant difference in cumulative survival rates in six months and l-, 2-, and 3-year after the treatment in PVTT Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ patients (all P > 0.05). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that hepatic encephalopathy ( HR =3.643, 95% CI : 2.099-6.325, P < 0.001), γ-glutamyltransferase ( HR =1.002, 95% CI : 1.000-1.005, P =0.029), AFP ( HR =1.000, 95% CI : 1.000-1.000, P =0.002) and numbers of tumor lesions ( HR =1.647, 95% CI : 1.011-2.684, P =0.045) were all independent risk factors for 1-year rebleeding in these PVTT patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding after endoscopic treatment. Conclusion Endoscopic hemostasis is a feasible treatment option for HCC patients with PVTT and esophagogastric variceal bleeding. However, there was no significant difference in the rebleeding and cumulative survival rates in these patients. Furthermore, hepatic encephalopathy, γ-glutamyltransferase, AFP and numbers of tumor lesions were all independent risk factors for 1-year rebleeding in these patients.

Objective:To establish virus culture method and full genome sequencing method for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and to illuminate the variation of 2019-nCoV.Methods:The pharyngeal swab specimens were inoculated into Vero-E6 cells for isolation, and the cytopathic effect were observed day by day, and the result of virus isolation were confirmed by Real-Time RT-PCR. Some isolated viruses were diluted 10 times to detect the virus titer. Full-genome of 2019-nCoV was sequenced with the whole genome capture technology and next generation sequencing technology. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization for obtained 2019-nCoV sequences were undertaken.Results:Twenty-two 2019-nCoV strains were isolated with Vero-E6 cell line in the Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory (BSL-3). Eighteen full-genome sequences obtained (almost 29 000 nucleotide) were analyzed with 99.94%~100% identity and 28 nucleotides and 20 amino acids variations. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 2019-nCoV sequences belonged to different clades, including clade S and clade L with Europe lineage L. I and Europe lineage L. II.1. Furthermore, 5 of 18 2019-nCoV harbor the D614G mutation.Conclusions:2019-nCoV were successfully isolated with Vero-E6 cells, and partially illuminated the phylogenetic characteristics, which provided a basis for subsequent drug screening and biological characteristics research. Continuous monitoring and analysis of the sequences of new cases would be vital to understand the genetic evolution and rates of substitution of the 2019-nCoV.

Objective To investigate the rebleeding rate after endoscopic selective variceal devascularization (ESVD) and the predictive factors for rebleeding in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis and esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB). Methods The patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis and EVB who attended Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, from October 2010 to December 2019 and underwent ESVD for the first time were enrolled, and a total of 442 patients were screened out based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Routine clinical indices, laboratory markers, imaging findings, and endoscopic findings were compared between patients, and the patients were followed up to observe rebleeding. The t -test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to describe rebleeding and survival status, and a Cox regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for variceal rebleeding. Results The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year cumulative rebleeding rates after first ESVD treatment were 25.11%, 33.94%, 39.82%, 42.08%, and 45.02%, respectively. The univariate analysis showed that age, systolic pressure, duration of antiviral therapy ≥1 year, ascites, white blood cell count, neutrophil, and direct bilirubin were associated with rebleeding (all P < 0.05), and the multivariate analysis showed that duration of antiviral therapy ≥1 year (hazard ratio [ HR ]=0.504, 95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 0.357-0.711, P < 0.001) and ascites ( HR =1.424, 95% CI : 1.184-1.714, P < 0.001) were independent influencing factors for variceal rebleeding. Conclusion ESVD has a low rebleeding rate in the treatment of hepatitis B cirrhosis with EVB, and presence of ascites and a short duration of antiviral therapy are independent risk factors for rebleeding after treatment.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of metal clips combined with endoscopic histoacryl injection for gastric varices with spontaneous portosystemic shunts.Methods:The clinical data and complications of 32 patients who were treated with metal clips combined with endoscopic histoacryl injection at Beijing Ditan Hospital of Capital Medical University from May 2016 to October 2018 were collected and analyzed.Results:Hemostasis was achieved in all patients, and the median volume of histoacryl was 3.8 mL. Varices were eradicated or disappeared in 9 cases, and the degree of varices were lessened in 23 cases. No rebleeding was found at 72 h, 7 d, 14 d and 6 weeks after operation in any patient. No ectopic embolism occurred.Conclusion:Metal clips combined with endoscopic histoacryl injection is effective and safe to treat gastric varices with spontaneous portosystemic shunts.