Energy requirement is defined as energy expenditure in an energy equilibrium state.The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is considered the gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE). In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies established dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for Americans and Canadians, and the equations for estimated energy requirement (EER) were developed by using pooled data from studies that had applied the DLW method. Since 2005, these equations have been used for establishing EER in the DRI for Koreans. These equations based on age group include the physical activity (PA) coefficient determined by the PA level (PAL; sedentary, low active, active and very active) as well as body weight and height. The PAL values of Koreans calculated using the DLW method and PA diaries were determined to fall in the low active category (1.40~1.59). Therefore, the PA coefficient corresponding to ‘low active’ was applied to the EER equations. In recent years, with increasing number of people regularly engaging in various physical activities in Korea, EER is now separately presented for people with ‘active’ and ‘very active’ PALs. In the future, like the United States and Japan, Korea needs to expand the DLW research for developing EER predictive equations for Koreans. In addition, standardized guidelines should be prepared to accurately evaluate the PAL using the physical activity diary and the new PA classification table for Koreans.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Heart rate variability(HRV) reflects the autonomic integration of heart. There were many reports that HRV in patients with myocardial infarction or heart failure is an independent prognostic factor to predict fatal arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. But, the role of HRV is still controversial in stable angina patients without history of myocardial infarction. In this study, we tried to compare HRV indices between stable angina patients and normal subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one stable anginal patients without history of myocardial infarction (mean age : 57 +/- 2 years) and twenty-one relatively healthy persons without history of coronary heart disease (mean age : 53 +/- 2 years) were included in the study and underwent 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring. In patients group, all underwent coronary angiography after 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring. HRV was analyzed over the whole 24 hours, using time and frequency domain parameters, according to time phases and coronary angiographic severity. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors, except hypertension (p=.001) between two groups. HRV indices such as rMSSD, pNN50, LF, HF, LFnorm and HFnorm were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in patients group. But the angiographic severity of coronary arteries did not show any significant effect on the HRV indices in patients group. CONCLUSIONS: We observed significantly reduced HRV indices in patients with stable angina without history of myocardial infarction.
Angina, Stable* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Failure ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a disease with high mortality if left untreated. But, confirmative diagnosis is difficult because many diagnostic modalities are nonspecific. Pulmonary angiography, which is considered as the gold standard diagnostic tool, is invasive, costly, time-consuming, and not always available in small centers. Echocardiography is a non-invasive and available in the emergency room without significant time delay. We investigated the role of echocardiography as a screening test in patients with suspected PE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: (A) Retrospective study: We analyzed the recorded videotapes of transthoracic echocardiography in fifty patients with confirmed PE from Jan 1995 to Aug 1999. From the frequent echocardiographic findings of those patients, positive criteria were defined as followed ( 2 among 1-5 or only 6). (1) RV or pulmonary artery dilatation (RVEDA/LVEDA 0.6) (2) RV hypokinesis (3) paradoxical septal wall motion (4) pulmonary hypertension (5) TR (moderate degree or more) (6) Visible thrombus. Although the degree of TR was less than moderate, if the degree of pulmonary hypertension was more than moderate, we considered as PE. (B) Prospective study: From Nov 1999 to June 2000, patients with suspected pulmonary embolism underwent a transthoracic echocardiography and perfusion-ventilation lung scan or chest CT. We assessed echocardiographic findings, sensitivity and specificity of the previously defined echocardiographic positive criteria for PE. RESULTS: (A) Retrospective study: The sensitivity of echocardiography for PE was 74%. (B) Prospective study: The number of enrolled patients was thirty-four. In twenty patients the diagnosis was PE. The sensitivity of echocardiography was 75% but the specificity was 14%. CONCLUSION: Echocardiography may be used as a good screening test in patients who are clinically suspicious of pulmonary embolism.
Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Echocardiography* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Lung ; Mass Screening* ; Mortality ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Embolism* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thrombosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Videotape Recording

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a disease with high mortality if left untreated. But, confirmative diagnosis is difficult because many diagnostic modalities are nonspecific. Pulmonary angiography, which is considered as the gold standard diagnostic tool, is invasive, costly, time-consuming, and not always available in small centers. Echocardiography is a non-invasive and available in the emergency room without significant time delay. We investigated the role of echocardiography as a screening test in patients with suspected PE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: (A) Retrospective study: We analyzed the recorded videotapes of transthoracic echocardiography in fifty patients with confirmed PE from Jan 1995 to Aug 1999. From the frequent echocardiographic findings of those patients, positive criteria were defined as followed ( 2 among 1-5 or only 6). (1) RV or pulmonary artery dilatation (RVEDA/LVEDA 0.6) (2) RV hypokinesis (3) paradoxical septal wall motion (4) pulmonary hypertension (5) TR (moderate degree or more) (6) Visible thrombus. Although the degree of TR was less than moderate, if the degree of pulmonary hypertension was more than moderate, we considered as PE. (B) Prospective study: From Nov 1999 to June 2000, patients with suspected pulmonary embolism underwent a transthoracic echocardiography and perfusion-ventilation lung scan or chest CT. We assessed echocardiographic findings, sensitivity and specificity of the previously defined echocardiographic positive criteria for PE. RESULTS: (A) Retrospective study: The sensitivity of echocardiography for PE was 74%. (B) Prospective study: The number of enrolled patients was thirty-four. In twenty patients the diagnosis was PE. The sensitivity of echocardiography was 75% but the specificity was 14%. CONCLUSION: Echocardiography may be used as a good screening test in patients who are clinically suspicious of pulmonary embolism.
Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Echocardiography* ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Lung ; Mass Screening* ; Mortality ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Embolism* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thrombosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Videotape Recording

Brain death is a clinical diagnosis that implies irreversible loss of function of the entire brain, including the brainstem and both hemispheres. It is not uncommon for reflex and spontaneous movements to occur in patients with impending brain death during the process of determining brain death. When physicians charged with judging brain death witness such movements during this period, unless they know how common these movements are and what they mean, it will be difficult for them to make an appropriate determination of brain death. Movements following brain death have been reported in previous studies of various types, including cohort studies and case series or reports. However, only a few studies have employed verified diagnostic tools and neurological examinations as a standard protocol when diagnosing brain death. According to previous reports, the frequency of these movements ranges from 19.2% to 75.0% of all brain death cases. These reports have also described which movements are commonly seen. However, it is difficult to determine conclusively where these movements originate, i.e., in the spinal cord or in the cerebral motor cortex, and how such information should be considered in determining brain death. Although limited information is available on the characteristics and pathophysiological mechanism of these movements, it will help physicians to diagnose brain death correctly if they obtain sufficient knowledge about them.
Brain Death ; Brain Stem ; Brain ; Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Motor Cortex ; Neurologic Examination ; Reflex ; Spinal Cord

Objective: : Patients with mild ischemic stroke experience various sequela and residual symptoms, such as anxious behavior and deficits in movement. Few approaches have been proved to be effective and safe therapeutic approaches for patients with mild ischemic stroke by acute stroke. Sildenafil (SIL), a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5i), is a known remedy for neurodegenerative disorders and vascular dementia through its angiogenesis and neurogenesis effects. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of PDE5i in the emotional and behavioral abnormalities in rats with mild ischemic stroke. Methods: : We divided the rats into four groups as follows (n=20, respectively) : group 1, naïve; group 2, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo30); group 3, MCAo30+SIL-pre; and group 4, MCAo30+SIL-post. In the case of drug administration groups, single dose of PDE5i (sildenafil citrate, 20 mg/kg) was given at 30-minute before and after reperfusion of MCAo in rats. After surgery, we investigated and confirmed the therapeutic effect of sildenafil on histology, immunofluorescence, behavioral assays and neural oscillations. Results: : Sildenafil alleviated a neuronal loss and reduced the infarction volume. And results of behavior task and immunofluorescence shown possibility that anti-inflammation process and improve motor deficits sildenafil treatment after mild ischemic stroke. Furthermore, sildenafil treatment attenuated the alteration of theta-frequency rhythm in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, a known neural oscillatory marker for anxiety disorder in rodents, induced by mild ischemic stroke. Conclusion : PDE5i as effective therapeutic agents for anxiety and movement disorders and provide robust preclinical evidence to support the development and use of PDE5i for the treatment of mild ischemic stroke residual disorders.

Purpose: Whether administering chemotherapy followed by tamoxifen plus a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist to treat patients with lower-risk hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer provides a greater benefit than administering tamoxifen plus GnRH agonist alone remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of propensity score-matched (PSM) patients who underwent these 2 types of treatment plans. Methods: This retrospective study included patients treated at our institution between 2009 and 2019. Eligible patients had HR-positive, HER2-negative, invasive breast cancer who had undergone surgery. There were 579 patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer who were treated with a GnRH agonist and tamoxifen; patients with pathologic N2 and those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. After 1:1 PSM of patients who underwent GnRH agonist treatment and tamoxifen with versus without chemotherapy, 122 patients from these 2 groups were analyzed. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared via the log-rank test. Results: After PSM, there were no significant differences in several baseline characteristics between the 2 groups. After a median follow-up of 62.8 months, the patients in both groups demonstrated similar outcomes with no significant difference in disease-free survival (P = 0.596). Conclusion Patients derived no significant survival benefit from undergoing a chemotherapy regimen before receiving tamoxifen and GnRH agonist therapy compared to forgoing such chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the appropriate dose and dose-dependent effect of benidipine hydrochloride, a Ca+ +/- channel blocker, in patients with mild-moderate essential hypertension. Material and MethodsBenidipine was administered in 2 mg, 4 mg and 8 mg once daily with 1 month interval in 41 hypertensive patients with diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg and systolic blood pressure from 140 to 210 mmHg. Blood pressure, heart rate, subjective symptoms and adverse effects were checked every 4 weeks after benidipine administration. Laboratory examinations were performed before and after benidipine administration. RESULTS: The dose-dependent, antihypertensive effect of benidipine was evaluated in 41 patients. The blood pressure significantly reduced from 166+/-15 mmHg/103+/-7 mmHg to 13815 mmHg/88+/-11 mmHg at 12 weeks administration of benidipine and overall effective rate was 95%. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced significantly in proportion to dose of benidipine (p<0.0001). Antihypertensive effect was prominent at 4mg of benidipine. The heart rate was not affected by benidipine. No significant laboratory changes were observed. CONCLUSION: Benidipine has a dose-dependent effect in the treatment of mild-moderate hypertension, and the dosage to be needed may be 4mg or more for sufficient antihypertensive effect.
Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension*

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: akayasu's arteritis is a disease of unknown etiology which has recently been reported to be a systemic disease. This is a prospective study of the clinical features and angiographic findings of Takayasu's arteritis from a single center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: orty five patients were diagnosed as Takayasu's arteritis according to the Numano's diagnostic criteria, where patients satisfying at least one criterion from elevated ESR or CRP, arterial wall enhancement at MRA or CT angiography, or carotid tenderness are categorized into the active group. A disease duration of one year was used to define the division of the disease into either acute or chronic. Ueno's and Numano's classifications obtained through various imaging studies, were used. RESULTS: t the time of diagnosis, 60% of patients were in the active stage while 40% were in inactive stage. Levels of ESR, CRP and fibrinogen were found to differ significantly according to disease activity. The most common type of Takayasu's arteritis was type III according to the Ueno's classification, and type V according to the Numano's. The left subclavian artery was involved most frequently (78.5%). The most commonly involved segment of the aorta was the abdominal aorta (64.4%). Mean systolic blood pressure of the right arm in the renal artery stenosis group was 156+/-39 mmHg, which was significantly higher than that in the group without renal artery stenosis (113+/-46 mmHg) (p=0.005). ESR and CRP were correlated with aortic signal intensity on contrast-enhanced MR imaging (ESR;r=0.685, p=0.007/CRP;r=0.596, p=0.041). CONCLUSION: akayasu's arteritis is a disease of unknown causes, especially among young female patients, and exhibits nonspecific and various symptoms. ESR and CRP remain as valuable indicators of disease activity. The MR enhancement intensity of the arterial wall shows a positive correlation with both ESR and CRP level and it therefore may be correlated to disease activity and represent a useful diagnostic indicator.
Angiography ; Aorta ; Aorta, Abdominal ; Arm ; Arteritis ; Blood Pressure ; Classification ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibrinogen ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Prospective Studies ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; Subclavian Artery ; Takayasu Arteritis*