Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is associated with an elevated risk of fractures. However, little is known about the association between proteinuric or non-proteinuric DKD and the risk of hip fracture. Thus, we investigated the incidence of hip fractures among Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stratified by DKD phenotype. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, patients with T2DM who received at least one general health checkup between 2009 and 2012 were followed until the date of hip fracture, death, or December 31, 2018. We classified the DKD phenotype by proteinuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), as follows: no DKD (PU−GFR−), proteinuric DKD with normal eGFR (PU+GFR−), non-proteinuric DKD with reduced eGFR (PU−GFR+), and proteinuric DKD with reduced eGFR (PU+GFR+) Results: The cumulative incidence of hip fractures was highest in the PU+GFR+ group, followed by the PU−GFR+ group and the PU+GFR− group. After adjustment for confounding factors, the hazard ratio (HR) for hip fracture was still highest in the PU+GFR+ group. However, the PU+GFR− group had a higher HR for hip fracture than the PU−GFR+ group (PU+GFR+ : HR, 1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57 to 1.81; PU+GFR− : HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.46; PU−GFR+ : HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.24 using the PU−GFR− group as the reference category). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that DKD was significantly associated with a higher risk of hip fracture, with proteinuria as a major determinant.

Background: Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an impaired quality of life (QoL). To our knowledge, impairments in mental health status and health-related QoL (HRQoL) have not yet been evaluated in adult-onset and child-onset AD in a large-scale study. Objective: This study compared the mental health status and HRQoL (using the EuroQoL [EQ] five-dimensional [5D] questionnaire) in child-onset AD and adult-onset AD to those in normal controls. Methods: We used nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2008 to 2013. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, income, education level, drinking status, current smoking, regular exercise, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and analyzed odds ratios (OR) for factors associated with impaired QoL. Results: The OR for strong psychological stress, depressed mood, and suicidal ideation were significantly increased in adult-onset AD patients compared to in normal controls.In addition, the OR (95% confidence interval [CI]) values for the EQ-5D questionnaire responses (for physical activity, self-control, daily activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/ depression) were significantly high in adult-onset AD compared to in normal controls after adjustments for covariates. However, patients with child-onset AD showed a significantly increased OR (95% CI) only for problems in pain/discomfort in the EQ-5D questionnaire. Conclusion Adult-onset AD patients suffer from impaired HRQoL and significant mental problems compared to normal controls. Dermatologists should focus not only on the clinical phenotype but also patients’ psychological health status to ensure a better treatment outcome.

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a risk factor for hospitalization for heart failure (HHF). DKD could be classified into four phenotypes by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, normal vs. low) and proteinuria (PU, negative vs. positive). Also, the phenotype often changes dynamically. This study examined HHF risk according to the DKD phenotype changes across 2-year assessments. Methods: The study included 1,343,116 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database after excluding a very high-risk phenotype (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2) at baseline, who underwent two cycles of medical checkups between 2009 and 2014. From the baseline and 2-year eGFR and PU results, participants were divided into 10 DKD phenotypic change categories. Results: During an average of 6.5 years of follow-up, 7,874 subjects developed HHF. The cumulative incidence of HHF from index date was highest in the eGFRlowPU– phenotype, followed by eGFRnorPU+ and eGFRnorPU–. Changes in DKD phenotype differently affect HHF risk. When the persistent eGFRnorPU– category was the reference, hazard ratios for HHF were 3.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.73 to 3.52) in persistent eGFRnorPU+ and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.73 to 1.99) in persistent eGFRlowPU–. Among altered phenotypes, the category converted to eGFRlowPU+ showed the highest risk. In the normal eGFR category at the second examination, those who converted from PU– to PU+ showed a higher risk of HHF than those who converted from PU+ to PU–. Conclusion Changes in DKD phenotype, particularly with the presence of PU, are more likely to reflect the risk of HHF, compared with DKD phenotype based on a single time point in patients with T2DM.