Reversible phosphorylation plays a crucial role in regulating protein activities and functions. Sexual reproduction directly affects yield of most agricultural crops. As the male reproductive organ, anther generates microspores (pollen), delivering gametes (sperms) to complete double fertilization in higher plants. Here, we took the advantage of Nano UHPLC-MS/MS to analyze maize (Zea mays, B73) early anthers at proteomic and phosphoproteomic levels, to explore the protein and phosphorylation modification regulatory networks controlling maize anther development. Our proteomic analysis identified 3 016 unique peptides, belonging to 1 032 maize proteins. MapMan analysis revealed variously potential proteins associated with maize anther development, such as receptor-like kinases (GRMZM2G082823_P01 and GRMZM5G805485_P01). Using phospho-peptides enriched by TiO2 affinity chromatography, our phosphoproteomic analysis detected 257 phospho-peptides from 210 phosphoproteins, discovering 223 phosphosites. Compared to the 86 maize phosphoproteins collected in the Plant Protein Phosphorylation Data Base (P3DB), we found that 203 phosphoproteins and 218 phosphosites were not revealed before. Further bioinformatics analysis revealed that phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins, kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, cell cycle and chromatin structure related proteins might play important roles in regulating normal anther development in maize. Our findings not only enlarged the maize phosphoproteome data, but also provided information for analyzing the molecular mechanism controlling maize anther development at genetic and biochemical levels.
Crops, Agricultural ; chemistry ; Phosphoproteins ; chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; Pollen ; chemistry ; Proteome ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Zea mays ; chemistry

Objective Protective constraint quilt is designed by applying quality control circle activities to improve the property of warmth for visible dysphoria patients and to reduce the rate of unplanned extubation. Methods Quality control circle group finally designed a kind of protective constraint quilt under the theme of“improve the warmth retention property for visible dysphoria patients, reduce the rate of unplanned extubation”. The protective constraint quilt was used in 40 patients, whose treatment effects were compared with patients controlled by limb restraint strap, chest belt and restraint gloves before the implementation of quality control circle activities in terms of the damage rate of skin integrity, the extubation rate, the property of warmth and satisfaction of patients′ families. Results The protective constraint quilt was adjusted for 6 times by quality control circle group. After improvement, the satisfaction degree of patients′ families improved from 75. 0% to 95. 0%, the property of warmth was better and the extubation rate was lower than those of protective constraint quilt before improvement along with significant differences (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in extremities blood circulation and skin integrity (P > 0. 05). Conclusions This activity improves group members′scientific thinking and innovation ability. The protective constraint quilt designed by quality control circle is effective to be applied to visible dysphoria patients. Satisfaction of patients′ families with this way of constraint is high. In conclusion, protective constraint quilt is worthy of popularizing and applying.