Internet based problem-based learning (PBL) mode was used in teaching of ophthalmology in order to increase the quality of ophthalmology teaching and to raise the student's ability of problem solving.The method and requirements of teaching were discussed based on the teaching schema.Examples of cataract teaching using internet based PBL mode was performed.The characteristics and merit of the mode were summarized in the end.

Objective To determine the value of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (sCOPD). Methods From 2015 January to 2015 August, 101 patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 81 healthy controls were en-rolled. All subjects underwent pulmonary function test to record FEV1%pred and FEV1%FVC and their serum sTREM-1 levels were determined. Arterial blood gas analyses and COPD assessment tests were also conducted in stable COPD patients. Results Serum sTREM-1 levels were significantly higher in stable COPD patients than healthy controls (113.2 ± 31.5 pg/mL and 83.8 ± 17.9 pg/mL respectively, P=0.000). sTREM-1 levels were posi-tively correlated with CAT score (r=0.507, P=0.000), whereas negatively correlated with FEV1%pred and PaO2 (r = 0.507, P = 0.000; r = 0.439, P = 0.000). Conclusion sTREM-1 is a promising biomarker to evaluate sCOPD in the future.

AIM:To investigate the differences of clinical signs and pathological structure of unilateral nasal pterygium and unilateral double pterygium.METHODS:Retrospective study.Totally 11 unilateral nasal pterygium and 11 unilateral double pterygium were collected to observe the size of the tissue area, the classification of blood vessels, the transparency and the break-up time of tear film.The 11 surgically excised double pterygia (11 eyes) and 6 samples of normal conjunctiva were collected for the study.With 40g/L paraformaldehyde fixation, paraffin sections were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin, to observe the differences with nasal and temporal pathology under light microscope.RESULTS:In unilateral double pterygium, the tear break-up time was significantly shorter than that of unilateral nasal pterygium (t=3.410, P=0.003).In unilateral nasal pterygium, there was a significant negative correlation between tear film break-up time and tissue size(r=-0.927, P<0.01) and transparency(r=-0.764,P<0.01).In unilateral double pterygium, the tear break-up time was significantly negatively correlated with the growth time (r=-0.661, P<0.05), tissue size (r=-0.775, P<0.01) and transparency (r=-0.671,P<0.05).In unilateral double pterygium, compared with the temporal side, the quantity of the layers of corneal epithelial cells (t=-7.351, P<0.05), vessels (t=-7.400, P<0.05) and inflammatory cells (t=-7.481, P<0.05) increased.CONCLUSION:Compared with unilateral nasal pterygium, the tear film break-up time of unilateral double pterygium was poor.In unilateral double pterygium, with high activity, the degree of proliferation of squamous epithelium, hyperplasia and inflammatory reaction are significantly higher than those of the temporal side.

OBJECTIVETo explore the possible relationship between recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-509T/C and interleukin-10 (IL-10)-1082A/G sites.

METHODSA total of 138 RAU patients were recruited for this study. The control group consisted of 124 subjects. TGF-β1-509T/C and IL-10-1082A/G sites were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) and sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR). Relative risk ratios were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).

RESULTSSignificant differences were found in the genotype frequencies or allele frequencies of TGF-β1-509T/C and IL-10-1082A/G sites between the RAU patients and controls (P < 0.05). CT genotype (OR = 1.231, 95% CI = 0.702-2.160), TT genotype (OR = 2.482, 95% CI = 1.250-4.927), and T allele (OR = 1.465, 95% CI = 1.036-2.074) at the TGF-β1-509 site exhibited high risks. AG genotype (OR = 1.391, 95% CI = 0.808-2.396), GG genotype (OR = 4.165, 95% CI = 1.944-8.924), and G allele (OR = 2.134, 95% CI = 1.474-3.089) at the IL-10-1082A/G site also showed high risks.

CONCLUSIONTGF-β1-509T/C and IL-10-1082A/G sites are associated with the risk of RAU. The TGF-β1 gene-509T allele and IL-10 gene-1082G allele may serve as genetic determinants for RAU.

Alleles ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Stomatitis, Aphthous ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Transforming Growth Factors

This study aimed to investigate the transport characteristics of aripiprazole.A human intestinal epithelial cell model Caco-2 cell in vitro cultured had been applied to study the transport of aripiprazole.The effects of time,concentration of donor solutions,pH,temperature and P-glycoprotein inhibitor on the transport of aripiprazole were investigated.The determination of aripiprazole was performed by HPLC.It is concluded that aripiprazole is transported through the intestinal mucosa via a passive diffusion mechanism primarily,coex- isting with a carrier-mediated transport.The transport of aripiprazole is positively correlated to transport time, concentrations.The P-glycoprotein inhibitor cyclosporine A significantly enhanced the transport amount of aripiprazole.

Objective To determine the optimized self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) formulation of probucol. Methods According to the indexes of mean particle size, zeta-potential, solubility of probucol in blank SMEDDS and the dissolution percentage in 5 minutes of the preparations, the optimized formulation was determined by the central composite design-response surface methodology. Results When the correspondent percentage of olive oil in oil phase (W/W) was 0.33, the percentage of oil phase in formulation (W/W) was 0.5, and the ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant (W/W) was 2.0, respectively. The mean particle size, zeta-potential, solubility of probucol and dissolution percentage in 5 minutes of micro-emulsion was 92.7 nm, -17.38 mV, 65.17 mg/mL and 63.46%, respectively. Conclusions The optimized formulation of the probucol SMEDDS was obtained quickly and conveniently by the central composite design-response surface methodology. The method had a reliable predictability.

Objective:To explore the possible relationship between recurrent aphthous ulcer( RAU) and the single nucleotide polymor-phism(SNP)of IFN-γ+874A/T site and IL-2-330T/G site. Methods:138 RAU patients and the 124 health control subjects were in-cluded. IFN-γand IL-2 serum concentration were detected by ELISA. IFN-γ+874A/T site and IL-2-330T/G site of the whole blood were detected by RFLP-PCR and SSP-PCR. Results:IFN-γand IL-2 levels in serum of the patients were significantly lower than those of the controls(P<0. 05). There was significant difference in the genotype frequencies and allele frequencies of IFN-γ+874A/T site between the 2 groups(P<0. 05). The AA genotype(OR=9. 964)and the A allele (OR=3. 801) at the IFN-γ+874A/T site was with high-risk of RAU. Carry A allele in patients with risk of RAU was to carry the T allele of 3. 801 times. There was no significant differ-ence in the genotype frequencies or allele frequencies of IL-2-330T/G site between the 2 groups(P>0. 05). Conclusion: IFN-γ+874A/T site was associated with the risk of RAU. But,IL-2-330T/G site was not.

Melanoma is a highly malignant immunogenic tumor. Although immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors can markedly improve the survival rate of patients with metastatic melanoma, nearly half of patients are still tolerant or resistant to immunotherapy, with high incidence of immune-related adverse reactions. This review focuses on the key difficulties in tolerance, resistance and immune-related adverse reactions to current melanoma immunotherapy, and summarizes corresponding strategies and research advances. By intervening in the immunosuppressive microenvironment in melanoma, screening precise biomarkers, and optimizing immunotherapy-based combination strategies, the problem of tolerance and resistance to immunotherapy can be solved. Moreover, the combination of traditional immunotherapy and nanotechnology can also greatly reduce the occurrence of immune-related adverse reactions. In the future, more extensive and in-depth research on the tumor immune microenvironment will help to explore the best immunotherapy regimens for melanoma.

The present paper is to evaluate the scientific research level and development trends of biomedical engineering in China using metrology analysis on Chinese biomedical engineering scientific literatures. Pubmed is used to search the biomedical engineering publications in recent 5 years which are indexed by Science Citation Index, and the number and cited times of these publications and the impact factor of the journals are analyzed. The results show that comparing with the world, although the number of the publication in China has increased in recent 5 years, there is still much room for improvement. Among Chinese mainland, Hongkong and Taiwan, Chinese mainland maintains the obvious advantage in this subject, but Hongkong has the highest average cited number. Shanghai and Beijing have better research ability than other areas in Chinese mainland.
Bibliometrics ; Biomedical Engineering ; China ; Hong Kong ; Journal Impact Factor ; Periodicals as Topic ; PubMed ; Taiwan

Background Researching the pathological characteristics and components of cells in internal limiting membrane of idiopathic macular hole (IMH) has an important clinical significance for the prevention of IMH.However,the study results are still disputable.Objective This study was to investigate the histopathological features of internal limiting membrane of IMH and the types of cells inside it, and explore the pathomechanism of IMH.Methods Seven specimens of internal limiting membrane were obtained during the vitrectomy with IMH patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from February 2012 to August 2013 under the informed consent of patients.The histopathological examination was performed for the structural observation and cellular identification of internal limiting membrane.The expression and location of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD45 and CD44 in internal limiting membrane were examined by using immunochemistry and immunofluorescence technology.Results All the seven specimens showed continuous undulating membrane with red staining.Two specimens appeared to be uniform in thickness and few cells were distributed in the specimens.The internal limiting membranes were uneven in thickness in the other specimens with retinal pigment epithelial cells,neuroglia cells,fibrocytes,macrophages and lymphocytes in them.Immunochemistry showed the positive expression of GFAP in the outer layer of the specimens.CD45 positive cells were detected in the internal limiting membranes, and CD44 was detected in the inner layer of the specimens.Conclusions Few cells exist in the internal limiting memranes of IMH.However,neuroglia cells and CD45 positive cells emerge in the internal limiting memranes of stage 3 or above IMH eyes, indicating the proliferation of cells and immuno-inflammation response exist during the IMH development.The up-regulation of CD44 expression promotes inflammatory response of internal limiting memranes.