The development of modern medicine calls for the return of medical humanistic spirits,and it is in-evitable to strengthen medical humanistic education.This paper compared the current situation of medical humanis-tic education between Chinese and American medical colleges from the construction of teaching staff,the establish-ment of curriculum system,and teaching method and evaluation.It put forward some suggestions for the dilemma of the development of medical humanistic education according to the actual medical education in our country,and ex-plored the reform paths of medical humanistic education in our country.

Maxillary sinusitis is a common condition in nose section. Traditional operations are always have more complications and easy to relapse, seriously affectting the quality of patient's life. The application of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) makes a qualitative progress on surgical treatment of maxillary sinusitis. In re- cent years, the researchs found that there are still unsatisfactories to long-term curative effect of some patients With the development of minimally invasive, people begin doubting its "functional". Recently, some new treat- merits have emerged in the world, but their safety and effectiveness needs further research. To seek for a better treatment, this article reviews the development and the existential problems of maxillary sinusitis surgery.
Endoscopy ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinusitis ; surgery ; Nose ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Recurrence

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum Angiopoietin-1 ( Ang-1 ) level and the onset, the severity and the prognosis at 90 d of acute cerebral infarction.Methods The level of serum Ang-1 was measured in 132 acute cerebral infarction patients ( case group ) and 108 healthy controls ( control group ) .The relevant clinical data was also collected.NIHSS was assessed at admission.The severity of the condition was defined according to the NIHSS score.NIHSS score <5, 5 -15 and ≥16 were defined as minor, moderate and severe condition, respectively.mRS was assessed at 90 d after admission.mRS≤2 was defined as good outcome and otherwise defined as poor outcome.Results Compared with control group, proportion of patients who had a history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation were significant higher, serum Ang-1 concentration was significant lower ( all P<0.05 ) .Logistic analysis showed that serum Ang-1 level and a history of diabetes mellitus were associated with the occurrence of acute cerebral infarction ( all P<0.01 ) .The serum Ang-1 level in minor, moderate and severe condition patients was (1.12 ±0.35) ng/ml, (0.96 ±0.39) ng/ml and (0.76 ±0.49) ng/ml.There were significant differences among them ( P=0.003) .There was a significant relationship between the severity and the serum Ang-1 level ( r=-0.267, P=0.002 ) .Compared with good outcome patients, the poor outcome patients had significant higher NIHSS score and higher proportion of a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and lower serum Ang-1 concentration ( all P<0.05 ) .NIHSS score and serum Ang-1 concentration at admission had a significant relationship with 90 d outcome of acute cerebral infarction patients ( all P<0.01) .Conclusion Serum Ang-1 level was lower in acute cerebral infarction patients and it had significant relationship with the onset, severity and 90 d outcome of acute cerebral infaration.

Objective To study metabolism of glucose and lipidin patients with hyperandrogenism and analyze the risk of their cardiovascular disease.Methods Object of study:firstly,choosed 118 cases of women of reproductive age from April 2013 to July 2014.Then detected their serum Testosterone (T),Estradiol (E2),fasting plasma Glucose (FPG),fasting plasma insu-lin (FINS),triglycerides (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),low-density lipopro-tein cholesterol (LDL-C),lipoprotein (a),body mass index (BMI).Finally,divided them into different groups and analyzed the results using SOSS19.0 software and two independent samples t-test statistical method.Results BMI,T,FPG,HOMA-IR and TG were significantly more higher (P <0.05)in the group of hyperandr-ogenism than in the group of normal con-trol.However,E2,TC,HDL-C,LDL-C and LP(a)had no significant difference (P >0.05)in statistics between the group of hyperandrogenism and the group of normal control.Hyperandr-ogenism group was divided into PCOS group and non-PCOS group according to etiology.In those two groups,BMI,T,E2,FPG,HOMA-IR,TG,TC,HDL-C,LDL-C and LP(a)had no significant difference in statistics (P >0.05).According to the definition of obesity adults in china,78 patients with hyperan-drogenism were divided into 2 group,one with BMI normal (BMI<24 kg/m2 )and the other group with overweight and obe-sity (BMI≥24 kg/m2 ).In group with overweight and obesity,BMI,T,FPG,HOMA-IR,TG,TC,LDL-C and LP (a)were significantly higher than the group with BMI normal (P <0.05),moreover,HDL-C was significantly lower than the group normal (P <0.05).E2 had no significant difference in statistics between the two groups (P >0.05).Conclusion Investiga-tion of the relation between hyp-erandrogenism and metabolism of glucose and lipid,can not only practically guide life style and drug therapy,but also prevent cardio-vascular disease.

Objective:To study the Raman spectrum and the surface enhanced Raman spectrum ( SERS) of cefalexin, cefadroxil and cephradine, and analyze the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of the three compounds under different pH conditions. Methods:The Raman spectrum and the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of the three compounds under different pH conditions were detected and measured by a portable Raman spectroscopy. Results: The results showed that the three compounds could exhibit characteristic peak information in the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy corresponding to that in the normal Raman spectrum, and the pH values had certain impact on the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of the three substances. Conclusion: Both the Raman spectrum and the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of cefalexin, cefadroxil and cephradine reflect certain fingerprint characteristics, and it is feasible to use Raman scattering method to identify the three cephalosporins.

Objective: To illustrate the influences of various original processing techniques on chemical composition of Eucommiae Folium from different habitats by comparing HPLC fingerprint profiles, so as to select the suitable techniques for processing Eucommiae Folium. Methods: To evaluate the quality of Eucommiae Folium with the various processing techniques by HPLC fingerprint. The analysis was performed on the Promosil C18(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column. Acetonitrile-0.1% H3PO4 was used as the mobile phase with gradient elution. The scanned wavelength was from 200 to 400 nm, and the detection wavelength was at 208 nm. The flow rate was set at 0.8 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 25°C. Results: The HPLC fingerprint profiles of Eucommiae Folium by the various processing techniques which were systematically researched were investigated. A total of main 22 common peaks were found, but the areas of the peaks were significantly different. The contents of chlorogenic acid and geniposidic acid obtained by the various processing techniques had the evident differences. Conclusion: HPLC fingerprint technique with the application to the content determination of the active ingredients has the good reproducibility and maneuverability. It is one of the potential process analytical techniques to explore the ingredient differences in the processed Eucommiae Folium from different habitats.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the serum concentration of Deoxyschisandrin by RP-HPLC.METHODS:The chr-omatographic separation was performed on Phenomenex C18(250mm?4.6mm,5?m) column with column temperature at 30℃.The mobile phase consisted of methanol - water (80∶20) at a flow rate of 1mL?min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 252nm. RESULTS:The calibration curve of Deoxyschisandrin was linear in the concentration range from 0.52 to 33.28?g?mL-1 (r=0.999 6). The average recovery of deoxyschisandrin was (97.27?4.11)%(RSD=4.23%,n=9).CONCLUSION:The method is simple, accurate and sensitive, and it can be used for the determination of serum concentration of Deoxyschisandrin.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients.It is very important to correctly select a treating approach for DME.At present,the treating methods of DME include retinal laser photocoagulation,application of the glucocorticoid,intravitreous injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs,administration of inhibitor of protein kinase C,vitrectomy and combined treatment etc.However,each method has its advantage and disadvantage.Retinal photocoagulation,vitrectomy,intravitreous injection and drug delivery system implantation are invasive treatment methods,and they can not rescue damaged retinal photoreceptors.Therefore,it is recommended that DME should be early diagnosed and effective treatment.The research status at home and abroad and future development trends of DME treatment were summarized.

Objective To study how polyclonal antibodies against ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) reduce botulinum toxin-in- duced axonal sprouting and affect paralytic muscle.Design Experimental study.Participants 20 New Zealand rabbits.Methods In 10 rabbits randomly selected,left superior rectus were as control (Group 1),right superior rectus were injected with botulinum toxin A (BTXA) 2.5U (Group 3).At 14th day,bilateral superior recti were taken out under general anaesthesia.In the other 10 rabbits,left su- perior recti were injected equivalent physical saline (NS) as control (Group 2);right superior recti were injected with BTXA 2.5U,after 4 days,injected with 50?l polyclonal antibodies against CNTF at same site (Group 4).And at 14th day,bilateral superior recti were taken out for electron microscopy,dyed with acetylcholinesterase,argentums (Ag) to show nerve axonal sprout,and accounted and mea- sured with Leica microsystems.Main Outcome Measures The mean number of sprouts and the mean total length of sprouts,and the uhrastructure change of muscle by electron microscopy.Results In Group 1,the mean number of sprouts and the mean total length of sprouts were 5.75% and 10.53?m respectively;Group 2 were 6.11% and 11.16?m;Group 3 were 84.04% and 170.71?m;and Group 4 were 54.77% and 68.12?m.The differences were statistically significant (all P=0.000).Electron microscopy showed that after admin- istration BTXA alone (Group 3),muscle atrophied obviously,nerve myelin sheath increased,while the structure of nerve and muscle re- main invariable.The Group 4 showed that local myofilament disrupted and dissolved,degenerative myocytes necrotized and disintegrat- ed into fragments,which led to partial unreversible destroy.Conclusion Polyclonal anti-CNTF can reduce BTXA-induced axonal sprout- ing,lead to partial unreversible destroy of muscle,which may prolong the time of paralytic muscle resuming.It suggests that polyclonal anti-CNTF could prolong the duration of muscle paralyses induced by botulinum toxin.

AIM: To evaluate the correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption of aniracetam in conventional tablets and self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), to investigate pharmacokinetics of aniracetam self-emulsifying drug delivery system and conventional tablets of aniracetam after oral administration to rats. METHODS: Dissolution behavior of these formulations was evaluated in vitro to assess the properties of dosage forms. And a new RP-HPLC method was developed for the in vivo quantitative determination of 4-p-anisamidobutyric acid (PABA), the active metabolite of aniracetam. To approach the in vitro-in vivo correlation, fraction absorbed in vivo (f) was calculated by Wagner-Nelson method, and then compared with in vitro released drug percentages (Q%). RESULTS: Aniracetam was released rapidly from SEDDS with 80%±4% of accumulation dissolution rate compared to that from conventional tablets at 15 min. The recovery of active metabolite of aniracetam was about 90%, and the intra-days and inter-day precision were within 4% and 6%, respectively. The AUC0-∞ value of aniracetam SEDDS was (11 168±2 395) ng·mL-1·h, which was about 3 folds greater than conventional tablets. The parameter MRT0-∞ of aniracetam SEDDS and conventional tablets were (2.7±0.6) h and (1.7±0.6) h, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The linear equation of in vitro-in vivo correlation for conventional tablets was obtained by regression as well. Whereas nonlinear correlation was obtained for aniracetam SEDDS, which fitted the quadric model very well and the correlation coefficient was 0.972. CONCLUSION: Aniracetam can be released faster from SEDDS than that from conventional tablets, and SEDDS improved the bioavailability of aniracetam significantly. The SEDDS composed by oil and compound surfactants which could enhance the absorption showed the expressing rate of dissolution, and those formed the o/w microemulsion with gastrointestinal liquid could absorb through lymphatic transport route.