Foodbome viruses are defined to be viruses that can lead to human diseases through food. In accordance with the different origin, foodborne viruses can be divided into two kinds: intestinal viruses and zoonotic viruses. The former include those viruses that can be transmitted to person via fecal-orally route. The latter include those zoonotic viruses that chiefly transmitted to person through livestock and poultry products. This paper expounds foodborne viruses categories, biology nature, epidemiology character, and study circumstance, and clarifies the molecular biological methods and problems on the base of the polymerase chain reactions, and presents the development direction and application perspective of the foodbome viruses study.

Objective: To investigate the expression of PRDM1 and its relationship with PI3K/AKT pathway activation in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma-nasal type. Methods: Immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of PRDM1 and p-AKT in 10 EN-NK/T-NT tissue or 3 cell lines (PRDM1-positive YT cell line, PRDM1-negative NKL and NK92 cell lines). Nanostring gene expression profiling technique was used to detect the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in normal nasal mucosa, PRDM1-negative and positive EN-NK/T-NT tissue. MTS was used to detect cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle and apoptosis. Results: Nanostring gene expression profiling revealed that genes associated with PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (eg, IL-7, BRCA1, ITGA8, IL2RB, FASLG, CDK2, COL27A1, CSF3R, KITLG and IL-6) were highly expressed in EN-NK/T-NT cases (P<0.05). Also, we found that p-AKT was highly expressed in YT cell line, but lower or not expressed in NK92 and NKL cells. In addition, LY294002, a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor, increased PRDM1 and PTEN expression in a dose dependent manner in YT cells. More importantly, YT cell were treated with 20 μmol/L LY294002 48 h, the proliferation rate was significantly decreasing (58.18% vs 100.00%, t=12.770, P=0.006), and the proportion of cells in G(1) phase was significantly increased (30.05% vs 76.93%, t=11.570, P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in cell proliferation and cell cycle between NKL cells and control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The activation of PI3K/AKT pathway is positive associated with the expression of PRDM1 in EN-NK/T-NT, and inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway may have significant therapeutic potential for PRDM1-positive EN-NK/T-NT.
Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Fibrillar Collagens ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Extranodal NK-T-Cell ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1 ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous detection of norovirus (NV),rotavirus (RV), astrovirus (AV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) by multiplex reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Methods Specific primers of the four viruses were designed based on the high conserved sequences, the reaction system and conditions optimized and the specificity and sensitivity confirmed. The method was then applied to detect the four viruses in clinical samples. Results The steady detection limits were 100 pg/ml for hepatitis A virus, 50 pg/ml for rotavirus, norovirus and astrovirus respectively. When the developed method was used to detect clinical fecal samples, 62(48.44%)were iden tified as rotavirus, 8 (6.25%) as norovirus, 11 (8.59%) as astrovirus and 4 (3.12%) as hepatitis A virus in a total of 128 samples. Conclusion Data from our study showed that multiplex RTPCR system could be used to simultaneously detect the four viruses in routine monitoring and risk assessment in disease outbreaks with high specificity and sensitivity.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of European nutritional risk screening (NRS2002) on inpatients from our department of neurology,and investigate the incidence rate of nutritional risk,malnutrition,overweight and obesity of inpatients from department of neurology and neurosurgery.Methods 817 cases of patients were investigated,those who reached NRS2002 standard were graded on the next day of admission,and those who could not had exact BMI because they were not able to stand or had hydroncus had ALB test on the next day of admission.Patients' adjustment to NRS2002 was analyzed and nutritional risk,malnutrition,overweight and obesity were compared between department of neurology and neurosurgery.Results In department of neurology,the rate of complete adaption was 42.02％,incomplete adaption was 47.89％,and none adaption was 11.93％.while in the department of neurosurgary,the rate of complete adaption was 43.38％,incomplete adaption was 33.82％,and none adaption was 22.79％.The difference was statistically significant (x2 =20.331,P ＜ 0.01).The incidence rate of nutritional risk was 48.33％ in department of neurology and 30.48％ in the department of neurosurgery,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =19.017,P ＜ 0.01).And the differences of incidence rate of malnutrition,overweight and obesity had no statistical significance between the department of neurology and neurosurgery (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions NRS-2002 can be applied on patients from department of neurology,but data collection is affected because many patients cannot stand or have normal communication due to diseases,thus deviation may cause incomplete adaption or none adaption.Patients from department of neurology are more suitable to NRS2002 than those from department of neurosurgery and their incidence rate of nutritional risk is higher.

Objective To evaluate the risk of pressure ulcer in patients with neurosurgical diseases more exactely, and to reduce the occurrence rate of pressure ulcer. Methods The risk factors of 500 patients with wneurosurgical diseases were evaluated using two scales(the self-designed pressure ulcer risk measuring scale and the Braden scale),and the reliability and validity were compared. Results The Cronbaeh'S α for self-made pressure ulcer measuring scale was 0.941,that for Braden scale was 0.743.The factor analysis showed both two measuring scale had good structural validity. When diagnose critical value for self-made measuring scale arrived to 16,the sensitivity was 89％ and the specificity was 78％.When diagnose critical value for Braden scale arrived to 18,the sensitivity was 78％and the specificity was 58％. Conclusions The two measuring scales bear good reliability, structural validity and predictive validity, but self-made pressure ulcer measuring scale is better than Braden scale in patients with neurosurgical diseases. Self-designed pressure ulcer measuring scale could be a suitable measuring tool in the prediction of pressure ulcer for patients with neurosurgical disease.

s rational, but there are differences in teaching installation between pregnant hospital and general hospital. Both of them are lacking of professional health education officers and standardized criteria for evaluation of the effectiveness of teaching.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of musk and carterii birdw on the pathology and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines in chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNBP) rats treated with polygonum extract.

METHODSFive male Wistar rats were used for the preparation of SC purified prostate protein solution, and another 48 randomly divided into four groups: polygonum extract, polygonum extract + musk and carterii birdw, CNBP model control and normal control. CNBP models were established by injecting SC purified prostate protein solution and Freund's complete adjuvant. At 60 days after modeling, the CNBP model control and normal control rats were treated with normal saline, and the other two groups with polygonum extract and polygonum extract + musk and carterii birdw, respectively (polygonum 1.575 g per kg per d, musk 0.021 g per kg per d, and carterii birdw 1.05 g per kg per d). After 14 days of continuous intragastric medication, all the rats were sacrificed for pathological examination, determination of the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in the prostate tissue homogenate by ELISA, and detection of the mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines MCP-1 (CCL2) and CCR2 by RT-PCR and Western blot.

RESULTSThe polygonum extract + musk and carterii birdw group showed apparent improvement in the structure of the prostate tissue but no inflammatory infiltration, as was quite obvious in the polygonum extract group. Polygonum extract + musk and carterii birdw significantly decreased the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha ( [11.04 +/- 4.07] pg/ml), IL-1beta ([16.94 +/- 4.26] pg/ml), IL-6 ([110.08 +/- 28.42] pg/ml) and IL-8 ([26.28 +/- 7.36] pg/ml) in the prostate tissue, as compared with polygonum extract alone ([63.21 +/- 21.37] pg/ml, [41.32 +/- 14.62] pg/ml, [177.64 +/- 42.65] pg/ml and [96.37 +/- 37.61] pg/ml) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The former also exhibited significantly lower expressions of MCP-1 mRNA (0.32 +/- 0.17), MCP-1 protein (0.28 +/- 0.15), CCR2 mRNA (0.28 +/- 0.11) and CCR2 protein (0.11 +/- 0.04) than either the model control group (1.15 +/- 0.39, 0.93 +/- 0.34, 0.83 +/- 0.26 and 0.93 +/- 0.34) (P < 0.01), or the polygonum extract group (0.65 +/- 0.27, 0.56 +/- 0.22, 0.78 +/- 0.24 and 0.25 +/- 0.09) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONMusk and carterii birdw can enhance the effect of polygonum extract on chronic prostatitis, reduce inflammatory response and improve tissue repair of the prostate in rats.

Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ; therapeutic use ; Inflammation ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; therapeutic use ; Polygonum ; Prostatitis ; drug therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Han nationality from Northern part of China.

METHODSA 1:1 matched case-control study was adopted. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism technique were used to type the two NRAMP1 polymorphisms: INT4 and 3'UTR. Information on environmental-related risk factors and pathological changes of tuberculosis was collected using a pre-tested standard questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic analyses were conducted using SPSS for window software.

RESULTSA sample consisting 124 pairs of cases and controls was studied. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the 3'UTR TGTG+/del genotype occurred more frequently in the cases than in the controls, with crude OR (95% CI) being 2.923 (1.557 - 5.487). No significant association was observed between TB and INT4 polymorphism. In multivariate analysis, associations of TB and 3'UTR TGTG+/del genotype remained, after adjusting for scar of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, marriage status, body mass index and exposure history. Adjusted OR (95% CI) was 2.955 (1.369 - 6.381). Again, no significant association between INT4 polymorphism and TB was found. Among different INT4 genotypes, the pathological characters of pulmonary tuberculosis were also found different (chi(2) = 9.634, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPolymorphism of 3'UTR locus in NRAMP1 gene might affect their susceptibility to TB in Han nationality living in the northern part of China, and polymorphism of INT4 might affect the pathological characters of tuberculosis.

Analysis of Variance ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Cation Transport Proteins ; genetics ; China ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; genetics

Objective To understand the changing trends of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps from 1998 to 2008.Methods A stratified-cluster random sampling based cross-sectional NCDs survey was carried out in 2008,and using the data of NCDs from the health service surveys in 1998 and 2004,in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.The prevalence rate of NCDs was standardization according to age proportion of the population being surveyed in 1998.Results In 1998,2004 and 2008,the prevalence rates of NCDs in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps were 17.26%,25.61%,24.85% while the Standardized rates of NCDs were 17.26%,23.54% and 20.49% respectively.The prevalence rates of NCDs were statistically significant different in 35-,45-,55- and over 65 age groups in 1998,2004 and 2008 which showed an consecutive upward trend.The prevalence rates of hypertension,diabetes,cerebrovascular disease,coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increased significantly from 1998 to 2008.The prevalence rate of hypertensive disease among 25- age group,diabetes among 35- age group,cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease among 45- age groups showed an increasing trend.Conclusion Cardiovascular and cerebrovaseular diseases,together with diabetes were the fastest increasing ones over the past 10 years and becoming the major diseases,making the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps an aging population.NCDs should be prioritized in the health development plan.Targeted health education should be carried out in the whole population,together with other interventions as well as management programs on chronic diseases to reduce the prevalence of NCDs.

Objective To investigate the influence of combination of external prostaglandin and narrow band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) on skin melanin and tyrosinase level in models with vitiligo.Methods Guinea pigs models with vitiligo were produced by 3％ hydroquinone cream.And then all the animal models were randomly divided into six groups according to the weight:normal group,model group,control group,medication alone group,light alone group and combination group.Normal group and model group were not treated.Control group was used the same amount of vaseline,2 times per day;the 0.25 mg · mL-1 dipropionazone tincture skin smear in medication alone group,2 times per day,stay on 2 months;the NB-UVB irradiation treatment instrument was exposed to 1 J · cm-1 at about 20 cm from the skin of the white spot,and the wavelength was 310 ～315 nm in light alone group,and once every other day,stay on 2 months;combination group,topical prostaglandina combination NB-UVB irradiation,frequency,method and time same to medication alone group and light alone group.After administration,the observation of vitiligo guinea pig skin tissue morphology and melanin distribution in the light microscope.Results The percentage of melanin hair follicles in model group,control group,medication alone group,light alone group and combination group were (37.50 ± 20.43) ％,(53.33 ± 14.38) ％,(55.00 ± 16.12) ％,(46.67 ± 19.66)％,(71.67 ± 7.53)％,respectively.The combined group is compared to the model group,the difference is significant in statistics (P ＜ 0.05).But comparison between control group,medication alone group,light alone group and model group,the difference were not significant in statistics (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Combination of external prostaglandins and NB-UVB have some effect on vitiligo treatment.