No abstract available.
Asthma*

No abstract available.
Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter ; Polyps

New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are now widely used for the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis, and for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. As compared with warfarin, NOACs have the advantage of rapid onset of action and less drug interaction. However, they carry a higher risk of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding than warfarin. The risk of GI bleeding in patients using NOACs varies according to the type and dose of the drug. By contrast, apixaban and edoxaban are reported to carry similar risks as warfarin, and the risks with dabigatran and rivaroxaban are higher than that with warfarin. In patients using NOACs, old age, impaired renal function, impaired liver function, concurrent use of antiplatelet agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are considered major risk factors of GI bleeding, and gastroprotective agents such as histamine-2 receptor antagonist and proton pump inhibitor have preventive effects. To prevent GI bleeding associated with NOACs, the characteristics of each NOAC and the risk factors of bleeding should be recognized.
Anticoagulants* ; Atrial Fibrillation ; Dabigatran ; Drug Interactions ; Embolism ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Liver ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Proton Pumps ; Risk Factors* ; Rivaroxaban ; Stroke ; Venous Thrombosis ; Warfarin

Since its discovery, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has played a central role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases. Additionally, there have been many studies that demonstrated the role of H. pylori infection in extragastric diseases. Many research studies have confirmed an indirect association between the prevalence of H. pylori infection and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); however, the results are still conflicting. Most studies found that the involvement of H. pylori in this process was related to the chronic inflammation. This inflammation may facilitate the development of CVD-related atherosclerotic pathologies such as endothelial damage and chronic activation of coagulation cascade, etc. Furthermore, H. pylori infection is known to be associated with other vascular diseases such as cerebrovascular diseases and cardiac arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation. This review summarized the literature on the association of cardiovascular manifestations and H. pylori infection and provided information about the pathogenesis of this association.