PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the influence of job stress, compassion satisfaction, and resilience on depression of nurses.METHODS: One hundred seventy six nurses working at one tertiary hospital in one metropolitan city were included. The data collection was conducted from September 1st to October 1st, 2018, using a structured, self-reported questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression.RESULTS: The M±SD age of 170 subjects was 29.62±5.59. Depression had significant negative correlations with compassion satisfaction (r=−.50, p < .001) and resilience (r=−.56, p < .001), and a positive correlation with job stress (r=.42, p < .001). In the multiple regression analysis, marital status (β=−.15, p=.015), job stress (β=−.00, p < .001) and resilience (β=−5.47, p < .001) had a significant effect on depression. The explanatory power of the subject's marital status, leisure life, job stress, compassion satisfaction, and resilience on depression was 44.1% (F=27.62, p < .001).CONCLUSION: The study results showed that single status, low job stress, high resilience may decrease depression of nurses. Reducing job stress and improving resilience of nurses will virtually contribute to reduce their depression that can influence on not only nurses' health status but also their performance and qualitative caring for patients.
Data Collection ; Depression ; Empathy ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Marital Status ; Tertiary Care Centers

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the influence of job stress, compassion satisfaction, and resilience on depression of nurses. METHODS: One hundred seventy six nurses working at one tertiary hospital in one metropolitan city were included. The data collection was conducted from September 1st to October 1st, 2018, using a structured, self-reported questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The M±SD age of 170 subjects was 29.62±5.59. Depression had significant negative correlations with compassion satisfaction (r=−.50, p < .001) and resilience (r=−.56, p < .001), and a positive correlation with job stress (r=.42, p < .001). In the multiple regression analysis, marital status (β=−.15, p=.015), job stress (β=−.00, p < .001) and resilience (β=−5.47, p < .001) had a significant effect on depression. The explanatory power of the subject's marital status, leisure life, job stress, compassion satisfaction, and resilience on depression was 44.1% (F=27.62, p < .001). CONCLUSION The study results showed that single status, low job stress, high resilience may decrease depression of nurses. Reducing job stress and improving resilience of nurses will virtually contribute to reduce their depression that can influence on not only nurses' health status but also their performance and qualitative caring for patients.

Trauma to temporal bone is common in head injury. The causes of temporal bone trauma are traffic accident, falling down injury, assault and gunshot etc. The main symptoms and signs of temporal bone trauma are facial nerve paralysis, hearing loss, vertigo and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. To avoid or minimize the complication, the physicians have to perform precise diagnosis. The tools of diagnosis include the history and physical examination, radiologic examination, audiologic examination, vestibular function test and electrodiagnostic methods for facial nerve. The physicians have to decide the early proper intervention, for example surgery or medication, for the patients suffered from acute facial palsy, dizziness and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. In this study, the authors have reviewed the pathophysiology, classification, symptom, diagnosis and treatment of the temporal bone trauma.
Accidents, Traffic ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Classification ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Diagnosis* ; Dizziness ; Facial Nerve ; Facial Paralysis ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Physical Examination ; Temporal Bone* ; Vertigo ; Vestibular Function Tests

BACKGROUND: Korea is one of the endemic areas of viral hepatitis B, and 6-8% of general population are hepatitis B virus carriers. Although there have been little reduction in morbidity and infectivity of viral hepatitis B owlng to newer vaccines and the effects of immunizations, there are some differences among physicians in managing hepatitis B virus infection, and guidelines have not been established. Therefore in this study, we investigated general practitioners' concept and the practical management of viral hepatitis B in comparison with the hepatologists'. METHODS: Information was obtained through questionnaires sent to 67 hepatologists and 400 general practitioners(general internists, general surgeons, family physicians, general physicians, and public health center managers) in Pusan during the 5 months from April to August, 1997. Overall respondents were 142(116 General practitioners, 26 Hepatologists), and the response rate was 32.9%. RESULTS: In general practitioners, the most commonly used serologic test for viral hepatitis was HBsAg/MBsAb(71.0%). 51.9% of subjects underwent anti-HBs test 3-5 months later after vaccination. The most common revaccination method for healthy non-responders of initial vaccination was 3 series of immunizations with the same vaccine of equal dosage (36.9% ). 65.7% of subjects were tested for LFT every 6 months for chronic carriers, and 41.5% of them were advised - interferon treatment for chronic active hepatitis patients only if the patients requested it. In comparison with general practitioners, hepatologists had a tendency to add anti-HCV test for the serologic evaluation of hepatitis(56.6% vs 26.2%), to limit age for vaccination(82.6% vs 54.1% ), and to delay prescribing hepatotonics until the AST and ALT levels increased up to 2 folds normal(53.8% vs 39.1%). 38.5% of hepatologists did not recommend giving booster injection of hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Practioal guidelines is necessary to manage viral hepatitis B patients.
Busan ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; General Practitioners* ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Hepatitis, Chronic ; Humans ; Immunization ; Immunization, Secondary ; Interferons ; Korea ; Physicians, Family ; Public Health ; Serologic Tests ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns of Korean middle school students and to investigate the characteristics of dietary intake of subjects with different dietary pattern. Three-day diet records were obtained from 163 male and 155 female 7th graders in Seoul, Korea. Food items from the diet records were aggregated into 22 food groups before subjected to factor analysis. Four dietary patterns emerged from factor analysis with different factor score. Cluster analysis using factor score classified subjects into three groups named 'Traditional' (n = 42), 'Westernized' (n = 135), and 'Intermediate' (n = 145). Major nutrient intake and dietary quality assessed by NAR (Nutrients Adequacy Ratio), MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of the three groups were compared. Mean energy intakes of three groups were 1783, 1916, 1578 kcal in Traditional, Westernized, and Intermediate diet group respectively. Differences in nutrient intake of the groups were significant in all nutrients except vitamin B1. Percent energy from fat was significantly higher in Westernized and Intermediate diet group, and cholesterol intake of Westernized diet group was higher than 300 mg. NARs of most nutrients were higher in Traditional and Westernized than Intermediate diet group except vitamin E. Traditional and Westernized diet groups had the highest MAR of fourteen nutrients. DDS was the highest in Westernized and DVS was the highest in Traditional and Westernized diet group. Traditional diet groups had 22% of energy consumption from breakfast, significantly higher than other diet groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that Korean teenagers with Traditional diet pattern have lower diet in % energy from fat, diversity of food and regularity of meals. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between dietary patterns and health status of Korean teenagers.
Adolescent ; Breakfast ; Cholesterol ; Cluster Analysis ; Diet ; Diet Records ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meals ; Seoul* ; Thiamine ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

Purpose: The multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test developed recently can help detect enteric pathogens of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of pathogens in children with AGE using the multiplex RT-PCR. Methods: From May 2015 to June 2018, multiplex RT-PCR tests were performed to identify pathogens in the feces of pediatric patients diagnosed with AGE at a secondary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Results: Of the 1,366 stool samples examined for viral pathogens, 483 (35.3%) tested positive for ≥1 pathogen. Group A rotavirus (RV) was detected in 106 cases (7.8%). The positivity rate increased annually from 3.0% (8/263) to 16.7% (48/288) and surged in 2018 (P<0.001).Norovirus (NoV) GII was the most common viral pathogen (263/1,366, 19.3%), and the positivity rate did not increase during the 3 years. Of the 304 stool samples tested for bacterial pathogens, Campylobacter spp. was the most common bacterial pathogen (32/304, 10.5%), followed by Clostridium difficile (22/304, 7.2%) and Salmonella spp. (17/304, 5.6%). The positivity rate of these bacterial pathogens did not change significantly during the study period. Conclusions NoV GII is the main pathogen in childhood AGE since the introduction of RV vaccine, yet the number of rotavirus-infected patients increased during our study, especially in 2018. Therefore, further research is needed including the possibility of emergence of novel RV strains. Campylobacter spp. is the predominant cause of bacterial AGE in children. For proper treatment, the clinical characteristics of the bacteria should be taken into consideration, and continuous monitoring is necessary.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV) and TTV-like mini virus (TLMV) are small DNA virus with single-stranded, closed circular, antisense genome infecting man. TTV and TLMV are trans-missible by transfusion. However there had been a few study about TTV prevalence and no study about prevalence in blood donors in Korea. There has been no study about the TTV and TLMV infection in blood products in Korea. The aim of this study was to gain the prevalence of two viruses in blood products. METHODS: A total of 150 plasma samples from blood products (each 50 units of Red blood cell, whole blood, and platelet concentrate) were tested. The samples are obtained from the segments of the blood products. TTV DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two sets of primers (A set and B set) and TLMV DNA was detected using nested PCR with primer set C. RESULTS: TTV DNA was detected in 85.3% (128/150) of blood products. TLMV DNA was detected in 41.3% (62/150) of blood products. Either TTV or TLMV was detected in a total of 140 blood products (92.3%) and both TTV and TLMV were detected in 50 products (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The blood products are frequently infected with TTV and (or) TLMV in Korea and they can be transmissible by blood products with high probability.
Blood Donors ; Blood Platelets ; DNA ; DNA Viruses ; Erythrocytes ; Genome ; Humans ; Korea ; Plasma ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Torque teno virus*

Recently, the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association began trying to revise the name "Department of Psychiatry" to a more user-friendly name, from possibilities including "Department of Mental Health Medicine" and "Department of Mental Health Promotion," in the hope of increasing its public accessibility and providing more comprehensive public services. There is an ever-increasing need to extend mental health services, via a more active promotion of positive mental health, and to move toward preventive strategies rather than confining mental health service efforts to the traditional treatment of mental illnesses. However, much work is needed to define the construct of "mental health" and to detail ways of promoting it. Defining how psychiatrists can, from an organizational or an individual perspective, practice medicine that promotes mental health, is an urgent issue. In this study, we review the determinants of mental health and the historical development of mental health promotion paradigms. We also attempt to provide the current evidence-based approaches, including the cost-effectiveness of interventions, as they apply to mental health promotion concepts and principles.
Health Promotion ; Mental Health ; Mental Health Services ; Psychiatry ; Social Work

BACKGROUND: Repeated 24 hour recall has been considered as a preferred method for obtaining accurate dietary information while time and cost for coding and data processing have been a major barrier for their use in large studies. This burden can be resolved by automating the interview and data processing. However, there has been no report about a computerized interview system for dietary survey in a free-living population in Korea. METHODS: This study attempts to test the feasibility of a newly-developed web-based dietary assessment program, Diet Evaluation System (DES) for subjects in a mixed region of urban and rural areas via wireless internet. We conducted total of 134 interviews, twice for each of 67 subjects of various age. As another aspect of feasibility, the group discussion among interviewers was done. RESULTS: Success rate of total attempted interviews was about 70%. Major reasons for problem with DES were instability of wireless internet and consequent inefficient booting of laptops in some areas. It took 14 minute 56 seconds on average to complete an interview and data processing conducted automatically. Subjects' age and internet environment influenced the DES interview time. The group discussion revealed that one-stop system with DES is fast and convenient assuming good wireless internet environment. CONCLUSIONS: Web-based dietary assessment was feasible in this community nutrition survey. To confirm the feasibility in large scale, studies with more comprehensive area and subjects are needed with various wireless condition.
Automatic Data Processing ; Clinical Coding ; Diet ; Diet Surveys ; Feasibility Studies ; Internet ; Korea* ; Methods ; Nutrition Surveys*

While the frequency of primary carcinoma of the lung has recently increased in adults, it is rare in the pediatric age group. The various adult types of bronchogenic carcinoma such as squamous cell, small cell, large cell, and adenocarcinoma, are extremely rare in children. Twenty to 30 cases of primary bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung in children under 15 years of age have been reported in the English-language literature. We have experienced a small cell bronchogenic carcinoma detected by fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchial biopsy in a 14-year-old boy with chief complaint of hemoptysis, lung mass and persistent pneumonitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of primary small cell bronchogenic carcinoma in childhood under 15 years of age. We report this case with a brief review of related literatures.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Biopsy ; Bronchoscopy* ; Carcinoma, Bronchogenic* ; Child* ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Lung ; Male ; Pneumonia