PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify correlations in hospital nurses' work environment, emotional labor and happiness index to provide basic resources for nurses' happiness at work. METHODS: Resources were gathered from 291 nurses who agreed to participate. Random sampling of nurses in nine hospitals in G-do was done between July 15 and August 14, 2014. Data were analyzed using chi2 tests, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: Mean scores (scale of 5) were nurses' work environment, 2.81, emotional labor, 3.24, and happiness index, 2.94. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: age, marriage, children, clinical experience, position, payment, and future work plans and a negative correlation between work environment and emotional labor, emotional labor and happiness index but a positive correlation between happiness index and work environment. Happiness index was influenced by work environment, emotional labor, future work plans. Explanatory power of these variables was 26%. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, so it is necessary to improve the work environment and reduce the frequency of emotional labor in order to increase the happiness index of hospital nurses.
Child ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Marriage ; Personal Satisfaction

Color developers(CD) have been noted to produce lichen planus like eruption as well as eczematous contact dermatitis. The chemicals involved are derivatives of paraphenylenediamine or aniline, i. e., Kodak CD 2, Kodak CD 3, Agfa TSS. We report a 28-year-old male who showed a feature of lichenoid contact dermatitis after exposure to color developer. Patch test revealed positive reactions to CD2, CD3 and CD4. Skin biopsy from a patch site showed lichen planus-like tissue reaction.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Humans ; Lichen Planus ; Lichens ; Male ; Patch Tests ; Skin

A 52-years-old man had at least 6 attacks of benign recurrent aseptic meningitis in about 1 year. The clinical manifestation, progression, recurrence, and cerebrospinal fluid findings were correlated to the Mollaret's Meningitis. This meningitis is very rare in Korea.
Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Korea ; Meningitis* ; Meningitis, Aseptic* ; Recurrence

Fibromuscular dysplasia is the single leading etiology of renovascular hypertension in children. We report an eight-year-old girl who was admitted for generalized tonic seizure with fibromuscular dysplasia of right renal artery. On admission, she presented hypertension and altered mentality. She had suffered from intermittent severe headache for the past year. Renal angiography of right renal artery showed stenosis, beaded pattern and aneurysms. Brain MRI showed multifocal lesions in parietooccipital, periventricular and external capsular area. She was diagnosed as hypertensive encephalopathy due to fibromuscular dysplasia of renal the artery. Renal angioplasty with ballooning catheter was performed. Successful renal angioplasty dropped her blood pressure to normal level and no more headaches has occurred for more than a year after discharge.
Aneurysm ; Angiography ; Angioplasty ; Arteries ; Blood Pressure ; Brain ; Catheters ; Child ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Fibromuscular Dysplasia* ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertension, Renovascular ; Hypertensive Encephalopathy* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Renal Artery ; Seizures

Human epidermal cells were obtained from suction blisters of 14 healthy individuals, and were cultured for 24-96 hours st a concentration of 1x 10(7)/ml, 5 x 10(6)/ml, 1 x 10(6)/ml, 5 x 10(5)/ml. Cells were also cultured with or without stimulants such as phorbol myristic acetate(PMA), muramyl dipeptide(MDP), and endotoxin. Then, cell-free supernatants of cultured epidermal cells were tested for ETAF by a thymocyte prolifera.tiom assay. The results were as follows : 1, The highest activity of ETAF was produced by fresh epidermal cells(EC) at a concentration of 1 x10(7)ml. Its highest 3H-TdR was 4928+/-2480cpm. The highest activity of ETAF was produced by cultured EC at a concentration of 5 x10(6)/ml. Its highest 3H-TdR was 13983+/-8045 cpm. 2. The highest activity of ETAF was produced by fresh EC with n culture time of 24 hours. Its highest 3H-TdR was 5357+/-3760cpm. The highest activity of ETAF was produced by cultured EC with a culture time of 72 hours. Its highest 3H-TdR was 11905+/-5327cpm. 3. The highest activity of ETAF was produced by both fresh and cultured EC at a titer of 1: 8 dilution of cell-free supernatants. 1ts highest 3H-TdR was 4928 +/-2480cpm in the fresh EC, and 11905+/-5327cpm in the cultured EC. 4. Alhen fresh EC was stimulated with PMA, MDP and endotoxin, higher activity of ETAF was found in the group stimulated with PMA or MDP compared with its control group. But lower activity of ETAF was found in the group stimulated with endotoxin compared with its control group. The 3H-TdR was 6000+/-1936 cpm in the group stimulated with PMA, 6945+/-3182 cpm in the group stimulated with MDP, and 36943+/-36861cpm in the group stimulated with endotoxin.
Blister ; Humans* ; Suction ; Thymocytes

To evaluate previously performed anesthetic experience of 23,409 cases at the Chosun University Hospital from Jan. 1981 to May. 1991 were analyzed statistically according to sex, department, age, anesthetic agent, method, duration, medical insurance, emergency and physical status. The results were as follows: 1)Considering sexual difference, male patients were 51.5% and female patients were 48.5%. 2) The largest departmenet of surgery was general surgery. 3) The nember of medical insurance patients was remarkably larger than that of non-medical insurance patients. 4) According to age categories, third decade of life was most frequent. 5) General anesthesia had been used commonly than other anesthetic technique and halothane was most commonly used among the inhalational anesthetic agent. 6) According to the ASA claasification of physical status, class I patients were 36.2% and elective surgery ratio was 1.8:1. 7)In emergency operation, general surgery categories were most common and occupied 39.8% of total emergency operation. 8)Considering anesthetic duration, 1~2 hours duration group of anesthetic time was most frequent.
Anesthesia, General ; Emergencies ; Female ; Halothane ; Humans ; Insurance ; Male

We evaluated the distribution of normal conjuctival flora and the change of antibiotic sensitivity of cultured bacteria. Specimens were obtained from inferior conjunctiva cul de sac with sterile cotton-tipped applicator from healthy 216 human beings. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done by disk diffusion method. The results indicated that overall positive culture rate was 47.7% and major organisms were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus(55.7%), Staphylococcus aureus(16%), Gram negative bacteria(7.5%), Streptococcus(4.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity test of cultured Gram positive bacteria demonstrated less than 60% rate of susceptability in gentamicin, tetracyclin, erythromycin and 80.5% rate of susceptability in ciprofloxacin. Gram negative bacteria demonstrated less than 60% rate of susceptability in cephalothin, ampicillin. From the above results, we concluded that antibiotic resistance of normal conjunctival flora was increased from the past and the principle of antiviotic eye drop use should be emphasized.
Ampicillin ; Bacteria ; Cephalothin ; Ciprofloxacin ; Conjunctiva ; Diffusion ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Erythromycin ; Gentamicins ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Humans ; Staphylococcus

Granulocytic sarcoma is an uncommon extramedullary localized tumor composed of granulocytic precursor cells. The majority of cases have been reported in association with acute myeloid leukemia(AML) especially in children, but infrequently may occur in patients with myeloproliferative disorders or myelodysplastic syndromes. Most common sites of involvement were bone, soft tissue, lymph nodes and skin, but gastrointestinal tract, testis, central nervous system are also involved rarely. We present an unusual case of granulocytic sarcoma of the intracranium and the retro-orbital soft tissue occurring in a patient with concurrent myelodysplastic syndrome, diagnosed by brain magnetic resonance images and ultrasound guided needle biopsy.
Biopsy, Needle ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Child ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Granulocyte Precursor Cells ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes* ; Myeloproliferative Disorders ; Sarcoma, Myeloid* ; Skin ; Testis ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to provide a trend analysis of the prevalence of diabetes relative to the socioeconomic, lifestyle, and physiologic risk factors among Korean adults aged over 30 years for a 10-year period using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS: Prevalence difference and the slope index of inequality were calculated for each risk factors using binomial regression by considering the repeated cross-sectional features of the data. The prevalence ratio and the relative index of inequality were calculated using log-binomial regression. Linear trend tests were performed using SAS 9.2. RESULTS: Crude prevalence of diabetes increased over the 10-year period, and was higher for men than for women. It was very high for adults 60 years or over, consistently increasing over time. The prevalence among unemployed men, women with higher level of stress, women with hypertension, and adults with serum triglyceride levels over 135 mg/dL increased over the 10-year period in comparison with the respective control group. CONCLUSION: Considering the rapid economic development and associated lifestyle changes in Korea, action should be taken to control the prevalence of diabetes by both preventing and consistently monitoring these identified risk factors using a public-health approach.
Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol/blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*epidemiology/pathology ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; Life Style ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Smoking ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stress, Psychological ; Triglycerides/blood ; Unemployment

Intravenous anesthesia, using sedative for the rapid loss of consciousness and analgesic for the potent and short-acting effect, has been widely done. So tbis study is aimed to see if propofol-fentanyl are effective enough for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL) used for outpatient and how it will effects on cardiovascular system. Above all, 45 patients were selected randomly and their blood pressure(BP), heart rate(HR), respiratory rate(RR) and arterial oxygen saturation(SaO2) were measured shortly before giving propofol and fentanyl. Then, after giving propofol and fentanyl, BP,HR, RR and SaO2 were measured as the adequate depth of anesthesia. And after 5 to 10 minutes, ESWL was done. Involuntary movements and pain were checked as additional depth of anesthesia. With the time, HR and SaO2 showed statistically significant decrease with no clnical meanings. And there was no special treatment for involuntary movements founded in 8 patients but 13 patients suffering from pain were given additional fentanyl. In conclusion, intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl works effectively for ESWL. Therefore if during ESWL, cardiopulmonary functions are monitored carefully, intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl will be an effective and safe anesthesia.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Cardiovascular System ; Dyskinesias ; Fentanyl ; Heart ; Humans ; Lithotripsy* ; Outpatients* ; Oxygen ; Propofol ; Shock ; Unconsciousness