BACKGROUND: Vasoconstrictors have been used as an adjunct to local anesthetics to prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia. Recently, clonidine, an 2-receptor agonist has been shown to prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia following intrathecal administration. Bupivacaine has been used for spinal anesthesia and compared with tetracaine in recent studies. We have undertaken this study to further evaluate the effect of clonidine in hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Thirty patients who were scheduled for lower limb or urologic operation were divided into 2 groups: Group A (hyperbaric bupivacaine 13 mg, 2.6 ml + N/S 1 ml), Group B (hyperbaric bupivacaine 13 mg, 2.6 ml + clonidine 150 g, 1 ml). We used standardized techniques and injected above drugs to group A and B intrathecally for spinal anesthesia. We investigated the onset and the duration of spinal anesthesia along with hemodynamic changes (blood pressure and heart rate) in patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the onset of spinal anesthesia and hemodynamic changes between two groups. The time taken to recover from the nerve block was more prolonged in the group B (touch 225, pain 262, foot dorsiflexion 271, knee flexion 290 minutes) than group A (touch 154, pain 188, foot dorsiflexion 198, knee flexion 216 minutes). There were no significant differences in sedation, and in experiencing dry mouth and other side effects between two groups. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal clonidine 150 g has been proved to prolong the duration of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine spinal anesthesia without neurotoxicity or dangerous hemodynamic depression. Therefore, clonidine can be used as an effective adjunct in hyperbaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bupivacaine* ; Clonidine* ; Depression ; Foot ; Heart ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Knee ; Lower Extremity ; Mouth ; Nerve Block ; Tetracaine ; Vasoconstrictor Agents

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis using palivizumab effectively reduces RSV-associated morbidity in preterm infants. In Korea, national insurance coverage for palivizumab was implemented in October 2016 for moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants born during the RSV season (October-March) who have older siblings. However, no large-scale studies have investigated the changes in the incidence and risk of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) after insurance coverage implementation for MLPT infants. Methods: This large-scale retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service between October 2013 and December 2019. MLPT infants (32 0/7– 35 6/7 weeks of gestation) with older siblings were stratified into pre-insurance period (PIP;October 2013–September 2016) and insurance period (IP; October 2016–March 2019) groups based on the date of birth with respect to initial insurance palivizumab implementation.Severe ALRI outcomes (hospitalization, respiratory support, and intensive care unit admission) were evaluated up to 1 year of age using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of the 11,722 MLPT infants included in the study, 6,716 and 5,006 infants were included in the IP and PIP groups, respectively. The incidences of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in PIP group (24.0% vs. 26.0% and 3.1% vs. 4.0%, respectively). Additionally, ALRI-respiratory support risk was significantly lower in the IP group (adjusted odds ratio 0.771, 95% confidence interval 0.626–0.949, P = 0.014) than that in the PIP group. Among infants born during the RSV season, the risk of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in the PIP group. However, no significant differences were observed between the IP and PIP groups for infants born during the non-RSV season. Conclusion The risks of severe ALRI outcomes decreased in Korea following the 2016 insurance implementation of palivizumab prophylaxis for MLPT infants born during the RSV season with older siblings.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis using palivizumab effectively reduces RSV-associated morbidity in preterm infants. In Korea, national insurance coverage for palivizumab was implemented in October 2016 for moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants born during the RSV season (October-March) who have older siblings. However, no large-scale studies have investigated the changes in the incidence and risk of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) after insurance coverage implementation for MLPT infants. Methods: This large-scale retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service between October 2013 and December 2019. MLPT infants (32 0/7– 35 6/7 weeks of gestation) with older siblings were stratified into pre-insurance period (PIP;October 2013–September 2016) and insurance period (IP; October 2016–March 2019) groups based on the date of birth with respect to initial insurance palivizumab implementation.Severe ALRI outcomes (hospitalization, respiratory support, and intensive care unit admission) were evaluated up to 1 year of age using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of the 11,722 MLPT infants included in the study, 6,716 and 5,006 infants were included in the IP and PIP groups, respectively. The incidences of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in PIP group (24.0% vs. 26.0% and 3.1% vs. 4.0%, respectively). Additionally, ALRI-respiratory support risk was significantly lower in the IP group (adjusted odds ratio 0.771, 95% confidence interval 0.626–0.949, P = 0.014) than that in the PIP group. Among infants born during the RSV season, the risk of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in the PIP group. However, no significant differences were observed between the IP and PIP groups for infants born during the non-RSV season. Conclusion The risks of severe ALRI outcomes decreased in Korea following the 2016 insurance implementation of palivizumab prophylaxis for MLPT infants born during the RSV season with older siblings.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis using palivizumab effectively reduces RSV-associated morbidity in preterm infants. In Korea, national insurance coverage for palivizumab was implemented in October 2016 for moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants born during the RSV season (October-March) who have older siblings. However, no large-scale studies have investigated the changes in the incidence and risk of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) after insurance coverage implementation for MLPT infants. Methods: This large-scale retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service between October 2013 and December 2019. MLPT infants (32 0/7– 35 6/7 weeks of gestation) with older siblings were stratified into pre-insurance period (PIP;October 2013–September 2016) and insurance period (IP; October 2016–March 2019) groups based on the date of birth with respect to initial insurance palivizumab implementation.Severe ALRI outcomes (hospitalization, respiratory support, and intensive care unit admission) were evaluated up to 1 year of age using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of the 11,722 MLPT infants included in the study, 6,716 and 5,006 infants were included in the IP and PIP groups, respectively. The incidences of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in PIP group (24.0% vs. 26.0% and 3.1% vs. 4.0%, respectively). Additionally, ALRI-respiratory support risk was significantly lower in the IP group (adjusted odds ratio 0.771, 95% confidence interval 0.626–0.949, P = 0.014) than that in the PIP group. Among infants born during the RSV season, the risk of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in the PIP group. However, no significant differences were observed between the IP and PIP groups for infants born during the non-RSV season. Conclusion The risks of severe ALRI outcomes decreased in Korea following the 2016 insurance implementation of palivizumab prophylaxis for MLPT infants born during the RSV season with older siblings.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis using palivizumab effectively reduces RSV-associated morbidity in preterm infants. In Korea, national insurance coverage for palivizumab was implemented in October 2016 for moderate-to-late preterm (MLPT) infants born during the RSV season (October-March) who have older siblings. However, no large-scale studies have investigated the changes in the incidence and risk of severe acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) after insurance coverage implementation for MLPT infants. Methods: This large-scale retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service between October 2013 and December 2019. MLPT infants (32 0/7– 35 6/7 weeks of gestation) with older siblings were stratified into pre-insurance period (PIP;October 2013–September 2016) and insurance period (IP; October 2016–March 2019) groups based on the date of birth with respect to initial insurance palivizumab implementation.Severe ALRI outcomes (hospitalization, respiratory support, and intensive care unit admission) were evaluated up to 1 year of age using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Of the 11,722 MLPT infants included in the study, 6,716 and 5,006 infants were included in the IP and PIP groups, respectively. The incidences of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in PIP group (24.0% vs. 26.0% and 3.1% vs. 4.0%, respectively). Additionally, ALRI-respiratory support risk was significantly lower in the IP group (adjusted odds ratio 0.771, 95% confidence interval 0.626–0.949, P = 0.014) than that in the PIP group. Among infants born during the RSV season, the risk of ALRI-hospitalization and ALRI-respiratory support were significantly lower in the IP group than that in the PIP group. However, no significant differences were observed between the IP and PIP groups for infants born during the non-RSV season. Conclusion The risks of severe ALRI outcomes decreased in Korea following the 2016 insurance implementation of palivizumab prophylaxis for MLPT infants born during the RSV season with older siblings.

This study was done to come up with a solution to effectively increase nutrition knowledge and education among nursery school teachers in the Gwang-ju metropolitan city area. The scores of teacher's nutrition knowledge were around the average of 9.4 points on a 15-point scale, which is about 63.1 points on a 100-point scale. When the types of subjects were compared, we recognized that the nursery school teachers with a college degree or those who have any training/education in nutrition had the highest scores in nutrition knowledge. Also, the nursery schools who have more than 101 children or public nursery schools had the highest scores in nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05). We can conclude that the knowledge of nutrition of nursery teachers is very lacking and it is not as high as it should be. In addition, we can also see that the dietary guidance and nutrition education time spent towards the children was very short. The lack of professional knowledge and education seems to be due to shortage of educational materials and because the teachers themselves lack the knowledge to pass on to their predecessors. In fact, even the teachers themselves feel the need to set up more nutrition-related education programs, obtain more guides and materials to teach them, as well as implement more organized and systemized teaching methods.
Child ; Humans ; Nurseries ; Schools, Nursery ; Teaching

PURPOSE: Atopic dermatitis is affected by genetic and environmental factors. Bronchial asthma often develops in atopic dermatitis children. Allergen sensitization may affect the frequency of asthma in preschool atopic dermatitis children. So, we performed this study to know the relationship between allergen sensitization and the frequency of asthma in preschool atopic dermatitis children. METHODS: Three-hundred twelve of the children with atopic dermatitis in preschool aged children were divided into 3 groups; Allergens ; Asthma* ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Pyroglyphidae

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analysis of effectiveness between cognitive function assessment scores and gaming cognitive rehabilitation system in children with intellectual impairment. METHODS: Five children (male=5, age=10.00±0.80) with intellectual impairment participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the experiment that played (received) gaming cognitive rehabilitation system (Neuroworld). The children were applied 2 times a week for 30 minutes during 3 months. The children were assessed K-WSIC-VI (Korean-Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition) and recorded that gained score in gaming cognitive rehabilitation system before and after intervention. K-WSIC-VI contained five primary index scores: verbal comprehension index, visual spatial index, fluid reasoning index, working memory index, and processing speed index. Gaming cognitive rehabilitation system scoring was composed visual recall, target recall, sequence recall, selective attention, continuous attention, and exploration. RESULTS: In the intelligence quotient (IQ) of K-WSIC-VI, there were significant increased in all children. The visual recall item was highest effective in all children. However, sequential recall showed the lowest improvement in all children. The performance speed of selective attention item was decreased, this means that children's skills have improved. Also, their ability to explore has improved significantly. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, gaming cognitive rehabilitation system was significant effectiveness in cognitive function in some categories for children with intellectual impairment. However, the visual recall and performance speed don't represent of all cognitive function. Therefore, further studies will need to verify by applying more subject and longer duration.
Child* ; Cognition* ; Comprehension ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability* ; Intelligence ; Memory, Short-Term ; Rehabilitation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of kinesio taping on lumbar flexibility onto erector spinae and sacroiliac joint. METHODS: Sixty healthy adults (male=36, female=24) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the experimental group that received kinesio taping onto erector spinae and sacroiliac joint (n=30) or the control group that received X-letter placebo taping onto them (n=30). Lumbar flexibility (flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation) was measured using back range-of-motion instrument (BROM) II before and after taping. RESULTS: In the change of lumbar flexibility after taping in the experimental group, there were statistically significant difference in flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in extension. There was no significant difference in the change of lumbar flexibility after taping in the control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, kinesio taping onto erector spinae and sacroiliac joint improved the joint function. Kinesio taping may reduce the muscle tension and facilitate the circulation of tissue fluid. In light of these results, it is thought that the application of kinesio taping had influence on an increase in lumbar flexibility. Therefore, kinesio taping will be able to be used as the method of the prevention of pain and the treatment in the lumbar region.
Adult ; Humans ; Joints ; Lumbosacral Region ; Methods ; Muscle Tonus ; Pliability* ; Sacroiliac Joint*

The original version of the article contained a mistake. The authors have attached a corrected version of Table 3.