BACKGROUND: Stunned myocardium may be mediated by intracellular Ca2+ overloading or oxygen derived-free radicals. Halothane and propofol have been shown to block Ca2+ channels. Propofol is also known to have antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of anesthetics on recovery of postischemic, reperfused myocardium in open-chest dogs. Incidence of ventricular arrhythmia upon ischemia and reperfusion was also determined. METHODS: Forty dogs were subjected to 15 min occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) followed by 3 hr reperfusion during halothane (n=10), fentanyl (n=12), or propofol plus fentanyl (n=11) anesthesia. Regional contractile function was assessed using percent systolic shortening (%SS), the preload recruitable stroke work slope (Mw), and peak systolic intramyocardial pressure (IMPs). Diastolic function was evaluated using time constant for isovolumic intramyocardial pressure decline of left ventricle (IMP-tau) and percent post-systolic shortening (%PSS). RESULTS: %SS in the halothane, fentanyl, and propofol-fentanyl groups was similar at 3 hours of reperfusion (58%, 60%, and 55% of baseline value, respectively). Moreover, Mw recovered to the baseline values in the early reperfusion period in all three groups. However, IMP-tau was significantly prolonged in the halothane group throughout the 3 hour reperfusion period, whereas it remained unchanged in the fentanyl and propofol-fentanyl groups. Coronary occlusion was associated with 9, 33, and 0% mortality rate due to ventricular fibrillation upon ischemia and reperfusion in the halothane, fentanyl, and propofol-fentanyl groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that halothane, but not fentanyl and propofol- fentanyl, impairs myocardial relaxation, while recovery pattern of contractile function do not differ among three groups, and that halothane and propofol reduce reperfusion arrhythmia in the canine model of myocardial stunning.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthetics ; Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Coronary Occlusion ; Coronary Vessels ; Dogs* ; Fentanyl* ; Halothane* ; Heart Ventricles ; Incidence ; Ischemia ; Mortality ; Myocardial Stunning* ; Myocardium ; Oxygen ; Propofol ; Relaxation ; Reperfusion ; Stroke ; Ventricular Fibrillation

No abstract available.
Hypopigmentation*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to suggest agenda priorities for nursing service R&D (Research and Development) related policies development. METHODS: Two steps in developing the agendas and priorities were performed in this descriptive study. First, nursing service R&D agendas were extracted through needs assessment of nursing researchers and practitioners. Then, the priority of agendas was set by Analytic Hierarchy Process by ten experts who were representatives of nursing and other healthcare professionals. RESULTS: Six core areas and forty-six nursing service R&D agendas were developed. The priority of agendas was different according to the evaluation criteria depending on weight value of nursing services. CONCLUSION: In order to select and promote nursing service R&D projects within national healthcare policy, nursing service R&D policy should be proposed with consideration to the importance of the criteria in reflecting characteristics of nursing care. By strengthening R&D capabilities for quality improvement and sensitive awareness of national directions for healthcare R&D policies, nursing service R&D can be appropriately promoted.
Delivery of Health Care ; Needs Assessment ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Research ; Nursing Services* ; Quality Improvement

The authors report two cases of clozapine-induced acute hepatitis. Two patients developed asymptomatic hepatitis and got better with conservative care. We decreased the dosage of clozapine and added hepatic protectors, resulting in normalized laboratory findings. The authors also reviewed side effects of clozapine in this report. We reviewed the suggested mechanism of either clozapine or chlorpromazine-induced hepatitis. Clozapine influences the liver cell via cytochrome P 450 and chlorpromazine does so via mild cholestasis. There may be a possibility that a patient who has experienced drug-induced hepatitis is vulnerable to clozapine-induced acute hepatitis. In this respect, those who have experienced drug-induced hepatitis must be observed more closely.
Chlorpromazine ; Cholestasis ; Clozapine ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Liver

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a noninflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by the association of arterial and/or venous thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss and elevated titres of antiphospholipid antibodies, namely lupus anticoagulant (LAC) and/or anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL). It can either occur as a free-standing condition (primary APS) or be associated with another autoimmune disease (secondary APS), mainly systemic lupus erythematosus. The precise pathogenesis of thrombosis in APS in unknown. For children with unexplainable venous or arterial thrombosis, APS should be considered. The diagnosis of APS in children requires a clinical event including venous or arterial thrombosis or immune thrombocytopenia and a laboratory abnormality including positive LAC test or positive aCL antibody test, moderate or high titer IgG. The laboratory abnormality should persist for at least 2 months. We report a 7-year-old girl who had pulmonary embolism and multiple arterial thrombosis caused by primary APS. The laboratory abnormality was positive LAC and beta2-glycoprotein I. She was treated successfully with low molecualr weight heparin (LMWH). After recovery, she was continuously treated with subcutaneous LMWH for another 3 months and switched to oral warfarin. She was symptom-free through 3 years of follow-up.
Antibodies, Anticardiolipin ; Antibodies, Antiphospholipid ; Antiphospholipid Syndrome* ; Autoimmune Diseases ; beta 2-Glycoprotein I ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heparin ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Pulmonary Infarction* ; Thrombocytopenia ; Thromboembolism* ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis ; Warfarin

The purpose of this study was to obtain basic data of nutrition education for obese children and to examine food habits, food behaviors, and nutrition knowledge. A convenience sample of 84(male:62, female:22) obese children was selected from "98 Children Nutrition Camp". The survey design employed a structured questionnaire. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. The percentage of the subjects who overestimated their body weight was higher in female compared to male. Only 35.9% of highly-obese subjects considered them as 'very fat'. The experience of weight control was higher in female than in male, and it was also higher moderately- or highly-obese subjects compared to mildly obese. 2. 64.3% of subjects reported that they regularly eat breakfast. The percentage of the subjects who indicated that they eat at regular meal time or they eat very irregularly was highest in the highly-obese subjects. 3. 34.5% of subjects reported that they eat very fast. The eating speed was slower in female compared to male, and in obese subjects. 55.4% of subjects reported that didn't eating out. 4. 80.9% of subjects had snacks, and most of them had snack between lunch and dinner. The reason the subjects eat snack was hunger. The most favorite snack was cookies. 5. The most preferred and distasteful food was meats(32.1%) and vegetables(67.1%), respectively. 6. The score of food behaviors was relatively low in most subjects. 7. The level of nutrition knowledge was in order of fair(83.1%), poor(9.6%), excellent(7.3%), and was higher in male compared to female. Consequently the results of this study showed to disagreement among food habits, food behaviors and nutrition knowledge, and feel keenly the necessity of education connecting of these. This education had to be practical education to change food behaviors.
Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Child* ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Humans ; Hunger ; Lunch ; Male ; Meals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Snacks

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The ballooning time in endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation (EPLBD) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the ballooning time comparing an immediate balloon deflation method with a conventional ballooning time of > 45 seconds. METHODS: Between January 2010 and December 2010, 126 patients with bile duct stones treated with EPLBD and endoscopic sphincterotomy were divided according to the ballooning time: the immediate deflation group (n=56) and the conventional inflation group (ballooning time 45s to < 60s) (n=70). RESULTS: The overall success rate and the success rate of the first attempt of ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography) were 96.4% (54/56) and 80.4% (45/56) in the immediate group and 97.1% (68/70) and 77.1% (54/70) in the conventional inflation group. There were no statistically significant differences in the overall success and the first attempt of ERCP success rate (p=0.99, p=0.66). The frequency of mechanical lithotripsy was 0% in the immediate deflation group and 7.1% in the conventional inflation group (p=0.065). Complications occurred in 3.6% (2/56) patients in the immediate deflation group and 8.6% (4/70) patients in the conventional inflation group (p=0.298). CONCLUSIONS: The ballooning time in EPLBD does not affect the outcomes of the treatment for bile duct stones. And the feasibility of the immediate deflation method in EPLBD is acceptable.
Bile Ducts* ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Choledocholithiasis ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; Lithotripsy ; Sphincterotomy, Endoscopic

Vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is the most effective means of controlling the disease, and these vaccines are commercialized only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified through tests that comply with Korean Standards of National Lot Release for Veterinary Biologics. This study investigated whether a relatively convenient and safe serological test can be used in place of the challenge test using highly virulent ND virus. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were considered positive of log2 2 or more and cutoff value of 200 or more, respectively, in both live and inactivated vaccines. However, when the antibody levels of the live and inactivated vaccines induced using the Ulster 2C, KBNP-C4152R2L, and K148/08 strains were compared, the antibody titers for inactivated vaccines were significantly higher than those for live vaccines in both the HI assay and ELISA. A strong positive correlation was observed between HI and ELISA antibody titers. The live vaccines corresponded to a survival rates of ≥ 80% and the inactivated vaccines corresponded to 100% survival rates. This study confirmed that standard efficacy tests can serve as serological tests, and can replace the challenge test and that the vaccine approval process can be improved.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between life style, menstrual attitude and premenstrual syndrome in nursing students. METHODS: The study participants were 246 nursing students of a university in Gyeunggi province. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire from May to June, 2012. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe test. RESULTS: Students who had undesirable alcohol habits (r=.15, p=.020) and negative menstrual attitude (r=.17, p=.009) experienced more a severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Students with dysmenorrhea had more severe PMS (F=12.41, p<.001) and a negative menstrual attitude (F=6.18, p<.001). CONCLUSION: These finding suggest that PMS would be alleviated by nursing interventions to improve alcohol habits and decrease negative menstrual attitudes, and nursing interventions for dysmenorrhea would be helpful in PMS management in nursing students. Further studies on the development of nursing interventions related to these factors are needed for PMS management.
Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Humans ; Life Style ; Menstruation ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing

The endometrial osseous metaplasia is one of a very rare conditions which gynecologists experience clinically. The characteristics of this disease are history of irregular menstruation, recurrent abortion, infertility with histopathologic evidence of chronic inflammation, and bone formation. This is one of heterotopia(the presence of mature tissue in abnormal location) histopathologically and it is important clinically that infertility can be brought about in the reproductive age women, but the etiology and treatment about this disease are unclear. A case of endometrial osseous metaplasia diagnosed by endometrial biopsy is presented with a brief review of the literatures.
Abortion, Habitual ; Biopsy ; Endometrium ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Inflammation ; Menstruation ; Metaplasia* ; Osteogenesis ; Pregnancy