Metabolomics, a novel "omics" platform, is a powerful tool for the discovery of clinically useful biomarkers and biochemical processes to improve diagnosis and therapy. Through the use of advanced analytical technologies, metabolomics enables the assessment of comprehensive metabolic profiles that are affected by both genotype and environmental factors. Recently, attention has been focused on the concept of pharmacometabolomics, an emerging field that is derived from metabolomics. Pharmacometabolomics is focused on the use of individual metabolic signatures for the prediction and evaluation of drug efficacy and safety, eventually accelerating clinical pharmacology toward personalized drug therapy.
Biochemical Processes ; Biomarkers ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Genotype ; Humans ; Precision Medicine ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics ; Pharmacology, Clinical

Due to an author error the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant Number was incorrectly listed in the original online publication of this article.

The purine antimetabolite 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) has been in clinical use for over 30 years and is still a widely used agent in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The bioavailibility, clinical efficacy and toxicity of 6-MP administered orally for maintenance therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are highly variable in many studies, as well as at differnt times in same patient. there are many factors affecting the bioavailibility of 6-MP. The most notably factor being that concomitantly administered drugs and foods might contribute to a decrease in the bioavailibity of this drug. In our sociocultural environment milk is a major constituent of child's foods. Cow's milk contains a high concentration of xanthine oxidase, which could potentially transform 6-TM into 6-thioxanthine (6-TX) and 6-thiouric acid (6-TUA) which have no more therapeutic effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of various milk products on the bioavailability of 6-MP. Incubation at 37degrees C for 30 min raw or pasteurized milk resulted in transformation of a large quantity of clinically relevant concentration of 6-MP into 6-TUA. The concomitant adminstration of folic acid and allopurinol has markedly inhibitory effect on the 6-MP destroying activity of milk at clinically relevant concentrations. These observations may help to optimize modalities of administration of 6-MP for the treartment of patients with childhood leukemia.
6-Mercaptopurine* ; Allopurinol ; Biological Availability* ; Child ; Complement Factor B ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Milk* ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Xanthine Oxidase

No abstract available.
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain*

A 12-year-old boy developed cholestatic hepatitis with Steven-Johnson syndrome following the use of amoxicillin. The skin lesion and general condition were improved over 2 weeks, but jaundice was gradually aggrevated. We performed liver biopsy, on 30th hospital day, which showed cholestatic hepatitis. The patient improved gradually and liver function was normalized 5 months later.
Amoxicillin ; Biopsy ; Child ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Liver ; Male ; Skin

In the operation room of S.N.U.H., 10 patients were transfused with A,C.D. stored blood after warming to 36 degrees C by using a blood warmer. Observed changes of Na+, Cl-, K+ and. Ca++ were as follows. 1) Before warming, the electrolytes of A.C.D. stored blood were Na+ 148. 2 mEq/1, Cl-; 117. 0 mEq/1 and K+; 8. 4 mEq/l. After warming to 36C, these were significantly reduced(P <0. 05) and became 144. 6mEq/1, 112. 4mEg/1 and 68. 13mEq/1 respectively. 2) There was a tendency to increasing of K+ cencentration in proportion to storage duration. 3) In the case of calcium, pre-warmed concentration of calcium was 4. 09 mEq/1 and there was no significant change after warming(P>0.05).
Calcium ; Electrolytes* ; Humans

PURPOSE: To find clinical factors related to the long-term outcome of binocularity in accommodative esotropia. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with accommodative esotropia who were followed over 5 years after successful optical alignment within 8 prism diopters of orthophoria at near and distance with glasses including bifocals were included. The patients who had stereo acuity better than 50 seconds/arc and central fusion without suppression scotoma at the final visit were divided into the bifoveal fusion group and the others were divided into the peripheral fusion group. Clinical factors were analyzed between the two groups (Chi-square test, student t-test). RESULTS: Of the 49 patients, 15 patients were included in the bifoveal fusion group and 34 patients were included in peripheral fusion group. Mean follow-up was 88.9 +/- 25.4 months. Clinical factors that were significantly related to the bifoveal fusion group were older age of onset, shorter duration of misalignment, intermittent esotropia at the initial visit and after initial optical correction, smaller residual deviations at distance after initial optical correction and at the final visit, and lesser amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: To obtain better levels of long-term binocularity, optical correction should be done as early as possible, before the presence of constant eye misalignment or amblyopia, and the residual esodeviations after optical correction should be kept as small as possible.
Age of Onset ; Amblyopia ; Esotropia* ; Eyeglasses ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Humans ; Scotoma ; Telescopes*

We examined C3H pregnant mice at 15 days (70% gestation) after treatment of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) to observe the changes of IL-6 concentration in maternal serum and amniotic fluid and expression of IL-6, IL-13 & TIMP-3 in placenta, fetus and endometrium, and to investigate the correlation among IL-6, IL-13 and TIMP-3. The results were as follows: 1) IL-6 in serum and amniotic fluid after treatment of LPS was significantly elevated; peaked at 1, 2, 4, 5 hours and decreased to control level at 8 hours (P<0.05). IL-6 in placental disc, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus, decidua and endometrial epithelium was overexpressed significantly at 1, 2, 4 hours after treatment of LPS (P<0.05). IL-6 overexpression was more significantly increased in maternal tissue than fetal tissue (P<0.05). 2) Increased concentration of amniotic fluid IL-6 was equally originated from transplacental crossage of maternal serum IL-6, and direct local production of IL-6 from placenta, fetus and endometrium (P<0.05). 3) IL-13 in placental disc, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus, decidua and endometrial epithelium was overexpressed after treatment of LPS, but not significant statistically. 4) TIMP-3 was overexpressed in placental disc, chorioamnionic membrane, fetus and decidua. TIMP-3 overexpression was more significant in placental disc than other tissues (P<0.05). 5) Overexpressions in IL-13 and IL-6 revealed direct proportional correlation coefficient (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.5212 ; P<0.05). IL-6 expression was a head of overexpression of TIMP-3, but not significant. In conclusion, all of IL-6, IL-13 and TIMP-3 relate with inflammatory response, especially IL-6 in maternal serum, amniotic fluid and tissue of placenta, fetus and endometrium was so sensitive that it can be an indicator for antenatal diagnosis of chorioamnonitis, and amniotic fluid IL-6 is equally originated from maternal serum and from tissue of placenta, fetus and endometrium. IL-13 and TIMP-3 may have parallel correlation to the IL-6 in fetal and maternal tissue after treatment of LPS.
Amniotic Fluid ; Animals ; Decidua ; Endometrium* ; Epithelium ; Female ; Fetus* ; Head ; Interleukin-13* ; Interleukin-6* ; Membranes ; Mice* ; Placenta* ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3*

BACKGROUND: CD99 is characteristically expressed in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroendocrine tumors and its immunoreactivity has also been reported in gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. However, the normal distribution of CD99 reactive cells in gastrointestinal mucosa and their function are not fully understood. METHODS: We performed an immunohistochemical study using antibodies to CD99 and gastrin on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue of the stomach. RESULTS: CD99 were strongly expressed in the gastric glands of neonate (3/3) and infant (1/1) cases but not detected in the fetal period (0/30). In adults, CD99 was observed in 36.8% (7/19). The number of CD99 positive cells were fewer in adult (3.48+/-6.43) than in neonate (5.66+/-0.58) and infant (11.33+/-2.21). CD99 was mostly located along the cytoplasmic membrane of glandular cells but cytoplasmic expression was also evident in neonate and infant cases. The G cells and CD99 expressed cells were reduced in the area showing intestinal metaplasia and atrophic change. As a result of the double stain, some of the G cells coexpress CD99 antigen, which were more in neonate (29%) than in adult (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The CD99 positive cells were found in the gastric pyloric antrum during the postnatal period and progressively reduced with age. This suggests the participation of CD99 protein in the differentiation and secretory process of neuroendocrine cells.
Adult ; Antibodies ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Formaldehyde ; Gastric Mucosa* ; Gastrin-Secreting Cells ; Gastrins ; Humans* ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Metaplasia ; Mucous Membrane ; Neuroendocrine Cells ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; Paraffin ; Pyloric Antrum ; Secretory Pathway ; Stomach

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify predictive factors influencing suicide probability in Korean adolescents. METHODS: Participants in the study were 575 adolescents from 17 schools with quota sampling by each region in D city. The data were collected from October to November, 2010 using self-report questionnaires about interpersonal relationships and suicide probability (SPS) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA with Scheffe of Post Hoc, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 16.0 program. RESULTS: Suicide probability showed a significantly negative correlation for interpersonal relations with parents, friends and teachers. Interpersonal relationship with parents (p<.001) explained 32% of suicide probability, compared to relationships with peers or teachers, which together was accounted for 46% of the variance. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that interpersonal relationships with parents should be considered when adolescents suffer from suicidal thinking. Various effective strategies to improve relationships with parents are important to reduce suicide in adolescents.
Adolescent ; Friends ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Suicide ; Thinking