Single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)is the single base pair variation in genomic DNA that occurs in more than 1% of the general population.SNPs sometimes cause structural and functional changes in protein encoded by the gene.In the treatment of malignant tumors,SNPs may be key factors in determining responses and prognosis of the treatment.Main genes that have been studied on the correlation of SNP with response and prognosis after the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer include:DNA excision and repair gene,matrix metalloproteinase gene,apoptosis related gene,drug metabolism related gene,cell cycle control gene,etc.This review will focus on the advances in correlation of single nucleotide polymorphism with response and prognosis of lung cancer after chemotherapy.

Postpartum hemorrhage was one of the complications of childbirth and posed serious threat to the safety of mother and infant.It was the first reason of maternal death in our country. Compared with natural labor, the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage in cesarean section and the amount of bleeding were higher, and the threat to the life of the pregnant women was greater. The correction of the diagnostic criteria for postpartum hemorrhage, the identification of high- risk groups and early intervention and standardized postpartum hemorrhage prevention and control methods were aimed to reduce postpartum hemorrhage, especially the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage of cesarean section. In this study, we should make a review on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section.

In our previous studies substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers have been demonstrated in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary in macaque monkeys, and they have been found to contact with somatotropes. The present study investigated the relationship of the substance P immunoreactive fibers to thyrotropes and corticotropes. Macaca mulatta monkeys were used. Sections of the anterior pituitary were double immunostained with antisera against either substance P and human thyroid stimulating hormone or substance P and human ACTH. Substance P immunoreactive varicosities were found to be in close proximity to thyrotropes and corticotropes. It is therefore suggested that a direct neural factor may take part in the regulation of TSH and ACTH secretion

The anterior pituitary gland of Macaca mulatta and M. assamensis were stained with antiserum against substance P. A substantial amount of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-ir) nerve fibers with numerous varicosities were found in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary. They were located in the median part of the gland and were distributed mainly in its dorso-posterior region. The great majority of the varicosities were found to be related to the glandular tissue, although some apparently were located along the wall of the blood sinuses. Also many SP immuno reactive cells, mostly large and oval, and were distributed at the periphers of the gland. In areas where both SP-ir nerve fibers and cells were present, many cells were found to be in close proximity to nerve fibers.

A small amount of CGRP-ir nerve fibers were found immunohistochemically with an antiserum directed against rat CGRP in all parts of the pars distalis of adenohypophysis in the rat. They occurred in small patches or as scattered fibers. More fibers were seen in the median and dorsal parts of the gland than in lateral and ventral parts. Bundle of CGRP-ir never fibers were often observed within the pia mater covering the pituitary for some distance before entering the parenchyma. A few CGRP-ir cells were observed in the center of the caudal part of the adenohypophysis. None of them were found to be related to the CGRP-ir fibers. The large number of varicosities present along nerve fibers suggests that they may play a role in the regulation of the functions of the adenohypophysis.

WGA-HRP retrograde tracing technique combined with immunohistochemical method was used to study the source of somatostatin postitive fibers in the posterior pituitary. Retrogradely labeled somatostatin immunoreactive cells distributed mainly in the periventricular area from the level of the anterior to posterior magnocellular paraventricular nucleus; single double labeled cells were also found in the periventricular areas at the level of the anterior commissure and posterior fornical nucleus. A few double labeled cells were seen in medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus and the medial part of posterior magnocelluar paraventricular nucleus. The double labeled cells in the periventricular area lie mainly beneath the ependymal layer. Some were seen to intercalated in-between the ependymal cells, bringing themselves very close to the cerebrospinal fluid, but no direct fluid contacing elements were verified.

The WGA-HRP retrograde tracing combined with immunohistochemical method was used to study the sources of CCK positive fibers in the male rat posterior pituitary. The CCK positive neurons projecting to the posterior pituitary localized mainly in the paraventricular nucleus, periventricular areas,and medial preoptic area. A few double labeled neurons were demonstrated in the subependymal area of the interventricular foramen and the floor of the 3rd ventricle. The CCK positive neurons projecting to the posterior pituitary, which weakly stained, were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral hypothalamic area and the dorsal part of the supraoptic nucleus, too. Our result showed much more distribution of CCK-ir neurons projecting to the posterior pituitary in the hypothalamus than Palkovits′conclusion that the CCK positive fibers in posterior pituitary almost all originated from the magnocellular paraventricular nuclei. Some double labeled neurons in periventricular area were closely approximte to 3rd venticular cavity which suggested that these neurons may monitor the changes in the cerebrospinal fluid.

To explore an ideal way of small vessel anastomosis in microsurgery. Anastomosis of both carotid arteries were performed in 20 rabbits. The artery on one side was anastomosed with anastomotic clips,with the contralateral artery,which was anastomosed with sutures,for comparison. The vessels were harvested 1 and 14 days after the operation and were evaluated with operating microscopy, light microscopy and electronic microscopy. The average anastomosis time for suturing was about 15 min, while for clipping was 2～5min. There was no difference in patency between the two techniques. Endothelialization at the anastomotic sites were both completed 14 days postoperatively. However, when anastomotic clips were used, there were no endothelial damage and foreign bodies inside the vessels.This experiment has confirmed that anastomosis with clips provides a very safe and easy way to perform anastomosis and could reduce the incidence of thrombosis.

0.05), meanwhile,after being treated with higher-dose Huangkui Capsule,there were no significant differences for theophylline pharmacokinetics in rats,but AUC_(0-24 h) of chlorzoxazone after treatment was 1.75 times larger than that before treatment(P

Objective To explore the current situation of nursing students' leadership,in order to improve the clinical leadership of nursing students and provide reference for nursing teaching.Methods In July 2016,a questionnaire survey of nursing students including undergraduate and junior college students in our hospital was conducted by using the Self Assessment Leadership Instrument.SPSS 17.0 was used to conduct the t test to investigate the nursing leadership differences between the two groups.Results The total score of nursing students was (114.68 ± 18.25),and the score of undergraduate students was higher than junior college students (t=8.13,P=0.000);In the dimensions of critical thinking,decision-making skill,interpersonal relationship,team spirit and working relationship,there were significant differences in the scores of undergraduate and junior college students with different levels of education (P＜0.05).Conclusion The level of leadership of nursing students is low.In the process of nursing students' education,we should carry out the leadership courses in the school and practice leadership in clinical clerkship,so that we can promote the improvement of nurses' leadership and promote the development of nursing science.