PURPOSE: This study was done to determine the rate for handwashing by intensive care unit nurses according to the content of nursing tasks, to investigate the relationship between hand washing practice evaluated by nurses themselves and their actual practice observed, and finallly to provide basic materials for strategy for hand washing education. METHOD: Data were collected by observing 27 nurses working in intensive care units of a hospital in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do and by using observation and a structured self-assessment tool. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS and SAS. RESULTS: The handwashing rate for the nurses was 4.3%. The handwashing rate was high in proportion to the risk of cross infection. In addition, the handwashing rate was highest in nurses working in the neurosurgery intensive care unit. The average score for self-assessment of handwashing was 49.42+/-3.78 points and it was higher than their actual practice of handwashing. CONCLUSION: In order to improve handwashing by nurses, it is necessary to educate them on the importance of handwashing. In addition, there should be strategies for standardizing knowledge and attitudes to handwashing and inducing nurses to practice hand washing in compliance with the policies and working conditions of the institution.
Compliance ; Cross Infection ; Education ; Faculty, Nursing* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hand Disinfection* ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units* ; Critical Care* ; Neurosurgery ; Nursing Faculty Practice* ; Nursing* ; Self-Assessment

BACKGROUND: A novel technique for the repair of tears of the upper subscapularis tendon—intraarticular knotless fixation—has been introduced recently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and structural outcomes of arthroscopic intraarticular knotless fixation for the treatment of upper subscapularis tendon tears. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological outcomes of 27 patients who underwent arthroscopic intraarticular knotless fixation for upper subscapularis tendon tears. Finally, a total of 10 patients who could participate in at least a 6 month follow-up of magnetic resonance imaging evaluation and in a least 1-year follow-up on an outpatient basis were enrolled in our study. The mean age at the time of operation was 60.7 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 14.7 months. Two patients had concomitant tears of the supraspinatus tendon and 8 patients had concomitant tears of the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus tendons. RESULTS: The clinical and radiological outcomes improved after the patients had undertaken arthroscopic intraarticular knotless fixation. The mean visual analogue scale score for pain during motion improved from 6.7 preoperatively to 1.4 at the final follow-up (p<0.001). The mean Constant score improved from 59.3 preoperatively to 79.6 at the final follow-up, and the mean the University of California at Los Angeles score, from 21.7 to 30.2, respectively (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The upper subscapularis tendon tear was healed in every patient except one (90%), for the patient had suffered from a postoperative trauma that resulted in a retear. CONCLUSIONS: We found that arthroscopic intraarticular knotless fixation gives good clinical and structural outcomes for the repair of upper subscapularis tendon tears. Arthroscopic intraarticular knotless fixation provided such a reliable and efficient restoration of the subscapularis tendon footprint that we anticipate it will become a widely-used procedure for upper subscapularis tendon tears.
Arthroscopy ; California ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Outpatients ; Retrospective Studies ; Shoulder ; Tears* ; Tendons* ; Treatment Outcome

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the osseous responses to implanted particles of porous synthetic HA(Interpore 200(R), Interpore International, U.S.A.), resorbable natural bovine derived HA(Bio-oss(R), Gestlich Pharma, Switzerland) and calcium carbonate(Biocoral 450(R), Inoteb, France) in bone defects. Four calvarial defects of 2.5mm diameter were created in each of 16 Sprague-Dawley rats. The experimental materials were subsequently implanted in three defects, leaving the fourth defect for control purpose. Four animals were each sacrificed at 3 days, 1week, 2weeks and 4 weeks after surgery. The tissue response was evaluated under light microscope. Overall, histologic responses showed that all the particles were well tolerated and caused no aberrent tissue responses. There were difference in the amount of newly formed bone at the experimental sites and control site. There was more new bone formation associated with calcium carbonate site. In addition, the calcium carbonate site displayed multinucleated giant cells surrounding calcium carbonate particles after the 1st week, and osteoid tissue within the particle after the 2nd week. After 4 weeks, calcium carbonate particles were resorbed and replaced with new bone. The healing of the natural bovine derived HA site was similar to that of porous synthetic HA, except that new bone growth between the two particles have progressed more in the former site after the 2nd week. In the natural bovine derived HA site, the particle was surrounded by newly formed bone after the 4th week. After 4 weeks, the control site showed more mature bone than other sites. In conclusion, the grafted sites were better in new bone formation than non-grafted sites. In particular the calcium carbonate site showed the ability of osteoinduction and natural bovine derived HA showed osteoconduction in rat calvarial defects. This suggest that calcium carbonate and natural bovine derived HA could enhance the regenerative potential in periodontal defects.
Animals ; Bone Development ; Bone Regeneration ; Bone Substitutes* ; Calcium ; Calcium Carbonate ; Giant Cells ; Osteogenesis ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Transplants

Neonatal and Infantile conjunctivitis are common disease in ophthalmologic outpatient department but, a study of causative organisms and antibiotics sensitivity tests are insufficient till now We divided 117 babies(117eyes) having conjunctivitis into neonatal and infantile group who were visited Sung-Ae General Hospital from Jan, 1989 to May, 1990. We performed bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test. The results were as follows; 1) Culture positive rates are 65% in neonates and 87% in infants. There is no sexual difference of ratio. 2) The incidence of isolated organisms is Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative staphylococcus and Streptococcus. 3) Cephalothin is most sensitive antibiotics and Chloramphenicol shows relatively lower sensitivity.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephalothin ; Chloramphenicol ; Coagulase ; Conjunctivitis* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Outpatients ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Streptococcus

PURPOSE: To provide practical data for bioethics education, we identified correlations between recognition of good death, attitude towards withdrawal of meaningless life-sustaining treatment, and attitude towards euthanasia in nurses. METHODS: Using convenience sampling, we recruited 218 nurses who had at least six-month work experience in one of the six general hospitals with 500 or more beds in Seoul, Busan, and Gyeongsang province. All participants understood the purpose of the study and agreed to take part in the study. The research tools used included the Concept of Good Death Measure (CoGD), the measurement tool for attitudes towards withdrawal of meaningless life-sustaining treatment (WoMLST), and the measurement tool for attitudes towards euthanasia. Data were analyzed using an Independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS 21 for Windows. RESULTS: Nurses had normal levels on CoGD, WoMLST, and attitudes towards euthanasia. Nurses' CoGD, WoMLST, and euthanasia scores significantly differed depending on their education level, working period, and the importance of religion to them. A negative correlation was found between the CoGD and WoMLST scores, and WoMLST and euthanasia scores were positively correlated. CONCLUSION: Nurses should be trained to deal with ethical issues that may arise while caring for terminal patients. It is necessary for nurses to understand the concepts related to CoGD, WoMLST, and euthanasia, and to promote bioethics education with focus on decision-making and problem-solving ability in ethically conflicting situations.
Bioethics ; Busan ; Education ; Ethics ; Euthanasia* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Medical Futility ; Seoul

According to the Mainz classification, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) consists of three subtypes: each has characteristic genetic alterations within the chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA. The three subtypes are: clear cell type, chromophil type, and chromophobe type. E-cadherin is a Ca++-dependent adhesion molecule which plays a major role in the maintenance of intercellular adhesion in epithelial tissues. In a normal kidney, E-cadherin is expressed in the distal tubule and the collecting duct, but not in the proximal tubule. We reclassified 110 cases of RCC according to mainz classification. Immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin was done on twenty eight cases of RCC, including 18 cases of clear cell type, four cases of chromophil type, and six cases of chromophobe type. The results were as follows: 1) of the 110 cases of RCC, 96 cases (87.3%) were of clear cell type, four cases (3.6%) of chromophil type, and ten cases (9.1%) of chromophobe type, 2) there was no significant correlation between the nuclear grade and clinical stage according to each subtype, 3) E-cadherin expression showed a strong positive reaction along the cell membranes in all six cases of chromophobe type. The differential expression of E-cadherin in RCC may suggest that the chromophobe type may have different biologic characteristics from other types of RCC.
Cadherins* ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Cell Membrane ; Classification* ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney ; Population Characteristics

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables.The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables. METHODS: The subjects were 121 outpatients applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy at a university hospital in Busan province. The data were collected using self-reported questionnaire and medical record, from September to October 2008. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the degree of quality of life according to the age, educational level, occupation, family economic status, Body Mass Index (BMI), menopause state, duration to restarting intercourse from hysterectomy, discomfort from intercourse, satisfaction from intercourse and duration, sources, and formulation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The femininity identity group occupied the largest proportion (31.4%), and then the masculinity identity group (28.1%), the undifferentiated identity group (26.4%), and finally the androgyny identity group (14.1%). There was a positive correlation between femininity and quality of life (r=.276, p=.002). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that HRT helps the women's sense of loss caused by hysterectomy to be reduced, the postmenopausal symptom after hysterectomy to be relieved and the quality of life to be improved.
Body Mass Index ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Hormone Replacement Therapy ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Masculinity ; Medical Records ; Menopause ; Occupations ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: Information has been limited on the genetic control of germ cell apoptosis and its role in the pathogenesis of male infertility. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of c-kit gene expression and apoptosis on human spermatogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Testicular specimens were obtained from 90 infertile males with nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA) due to primary testicular failure and from 9 healthy volunteers. The specimens of infertile men were divided into 4 groups according to hitopathologic findings: Sertoli cell only(SCO) syndrome(A), maturation arrest(B), hypospermatogenesis(C) and disorganization with sloughing(D). C-kit gene expression and apoptosis were detected with immunohistochemical stain. RESULTS: The frequency of c-kit expression was lower(p<0.05) and that of apoptosis was higher(p<0.01) in infertility groups B, C, and D compared to that of the control group. A significant inverse correlation was observed in the c-kit gene expression and apoptosis in groups B, C and D(p<0.05). A similar relationship was also observed in the Sertoli cells in group D and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: With the result, we suggest that variation in c-kit gene expression and apoptosis are associated with abnormal spermatogenesis and play a role in the pathophysiology of male infertility.
Apoptosis* ; Gene Expression ; Germ Cells ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male ; Male ; Sertoli Cells ; Spermatogenesis* ; Testis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between anger expression and self-esteem in nursing college students. METHODS: A total of 297 subjects aged between 18 and 28 were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected from March 2 to 25, 2011 using a self-reporting questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 15.0. RESULTS: Differences in anger expression according to general characteristics were as follows. There were significant differences in violent attitude depending on gender (t=3.003, p<.01). Violent actions differed significantly depending on year in school (F=3.279, p<.05) and whether there is a dual income families (t=-2.23, p<.05). There were significant differences in self-esteem depending on year in school (F=4.553, p<.01), school record (F=15.18, p<.001) and the economic status of the parents (F=4.878, p<.01). There were positive correlations between violent attitude and violent actions, except between violent actions and self-esteem. 10.3% of the variance in violent actions was explained by violent attitude, self-esteem and school in year and perceived acceptance. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study may be useful in understanding the anger expression of nursing college students and developing more specific programs to improve personality and self-control of the mind.
Aged ; Anger ; Humans ; Parents ; Self Concept ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To report the result of Fresnel prism application and adaptation for visual field relocation and functional vision improvement in homonymous hemianopsia patients. METHODS: Fifteen homonymous hemianopsia patients were prescribed Fresnel prism. To expand the visual field, Fresnel prism was placed base-out toward the defective field and patients were given an adaptation period of 1 month. The effects of the prism on field expansion was evaluated using Goldmann perimetry. In addition, the NEI-VFQ25 questionnaire was utilized asking patients regarding their subjective functional vision and satisfaction in daily life before and after using the Fresnel prism. RESULTS: After 1 month of Fresnel prism prescription, 53% of patients showed objective visual field expansion to the defective field of 12.5 degrees on average. Monocular or macular splitting hemianopsia patients showed more visual field expansion than binocular macular sparing hemianopsia patients. The NEI-VFQ25 score increased significantly and abnormal head position decreased or disappeared after 1 month of using the prism. However, 47% of patients failed to adapt to the prism. CONCLUSIONS: Using Fresnel prism in homonymous hemianopsia patients effectively expands the visual field, corrects abnormal head position, and improves functional vision. However, to improve the success rate, for certain patients the proper choice of prism application method, prism diopters, and constant management are necessary.
Head ; Hemianopsia* ; Humans ; Prescriptions ; Telescopes ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*