OBJECTIVE:To optimize extraction technology of saponins from Paris polyphylla. METHODS:Using paris sapo-nin Ⅰ,paris saponin Ⅱand Paridis total saponin as dependent variables,using ethanol volume fraction,extraction time and sol-vent amount as independent variables,through multiple linear regression and binomial fitting,the extraction technology was opti-mized with response surface method and predicted. RESULTS:The optimized extraction technology of saponins from P. polyphylla was as follows as 10-fold of 80% ethanol,2 times reflux extraction,100 min each time. Under the extraction technology,the ex-traction rates of paris saponinⅠwere 85.4%,82.7% and 87.1%;those of paris saponinⅡwere 85.9%,81.3% and 83.6%;and those of Paridis total saponin were 89.5%,92.1% and 90.3%(all RSD<2.0%). Measured value was 0.964 9,predicted value was 0.986 0 and deviation rate was 2.14%. CONCLUSIONS:The central composite design-response surface method is simple and reliable for the optimization of extraction technology of saponins from P. polyphylla.

BACKGROUND:Coculture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s and human umbilical vein endothelial cel s can improve both osteogenic and angiogenic outcomes and provide a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering and osteanagenesis.
OBJECTIVE:To summarize recent researches and related progresses in coculture of human umbilical vein endothelial cel s and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s.
METHODS:A computer-based online search of CNKI database from January 2000 to March 2012, PubMed database and Web of Knowledge database from January 1980 to March 2012, was performed with the keywords of“human umbilical vein endothelial cel s, bone mesenchymal stem cel s, coculture, tissue engineering”both in Chinese and English. A total of 135 articles were screened out, 103 of them were excluded due to unrelated study objective and repeated contents, and final y 32 articles were involved in further analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At present, studies on coculture of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s and human umbilical vein endothelial cel s mainly focus on mimicking in vivo environments, the interactions between cel s, and the influence of different cel ratios and culture media. Most of these researches play important roles in bone tissue engineering and bone regeneration therapy, but the mechanism of action and concrete regulation in
vivo between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s and human umbilical vein endothelial cel s stil need further research and analysis.

Objective: To explore the influence of early partial body weight support treadmill training (PBWSTT) on motor function of lower extremities, walking ability and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Methods: One hundred twenty-eight patients with stable stroke (hemiplegic limbs Brunstrom's scale ≥ II) within 3 months after the onset were enrolled in the study. They were randomly allocated into PBWSTT group (n = 67) and control group (n = 61). Conventional treatment techniques were used in rehabilitation training in the control group, and the PBWSTT group received PBWSTT in addition to the same training in the control group. The Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale and the Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) scale were used to assess the walking ability, motor function of lower extremities, and ADL 4 weeks before and after the treatment in both groups. Results: The FAC, FMA and FIM scores were 0.42 ± 0.23, 17.1 ± 5.2 and 35.3 ± 3.8, respectively before the treatment; and they were 2.5 ± 1.3 23.6 ± 7.3 and 67.9 ± 9.2, respectively after the treatment in the control group, there were significant difference between them (P < 0.05). The FAC, FMA and FIM scores were 0.36 ± 0.13, 16.7 ± 6.2 and 35.1 ± 3.4, respectively before the treatment; and they were 3.8 ± 1.4, 39.3 ± 7.6, and 90.1 ± 10.0, respectively after the treatment in the PBWSTT group. There were significant differences before and after the treatment (P < 0.01). The FAC score versus FMA score in both groups were P < 0.01, and the FIM score was P < 0.05 after the treatment. The patients who could walk independently were 42.6% and 55.7% (P < 0.05) in the control group, and were 32.8% and 83.5% (P < 0.01) in the PBWSTT group before and after the treatment. There were significant differences between the control group and the PBWSTT group after the treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: On the basis of conventional rehabilitation training, early PBWSTT may improve the motor function of lower extremities, walking ability, and ADL more significantly in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mandibulofacial Dysostosis ; genetics ; Pedigree ; Young Adult

HRP was injected into the cervical (3 cases) or lumbar (2 cases) spinal cord unilaterally in 5 adult cats. Labeled cells were discovered in the hypoth alamus and nearby areas. There was no obvious difference in labeling between cervical and lumbar injection cases. Labeled cells were found bilaterally with ipsilateral preponderance.he paraventricular nucleus was most heavily labeled; the posterior and lateral hypothalamic areas were less. A few labeled cells were found in the dorsal hypothalamic area and the supramamillary nucleus. Forel's area was also weakly labeled and occasional cells were found in the subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta.We were unable to find labeled cells in the dorsomedial nucleus. Labeling of the supramamillary nucleus, which was found in this sutdy, has not been mentioned in the literature available to us.

The projection from the lower brain stem to the spinal cord was studied with HRP method by injecting HRP into the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord of 10 cats.The follwing nuclei were found to have spinal projections:1) The reticular formation: Numerous retrogradely labeled cells were seen in the nuclei of gigantocellularis and medullae oblongatae centralis subnucleus ventralis, fewer in the nuclei pontis centralis caudalis and oralis. A few labeled neurons were also found in the nuclei of medullae oblongatae centralis subnucleus dorsalis, parvocellularis, paragigantocellularis laterlaris, paramedium reticularis subnucleus ventralis and cuneiformis. Most of them projected to the spinal gray matter ventral to the dorsal horn except the nuclei of medullae oblongatae centralis subnucleus dorsalis and parvocellularis which projected mainly to the dorsal horn.2) The raphe nuclei: Nuclei of raphe pallidus, magnus and obscurus projected to both the cervical and lumbar enlargements, while nucleus raphe dorsalis only to the gray matter ventral to the dorsal horn of the cervical enlargement.3) The gracile and medial cuneatus nuclei projected somatotopically to ipsilateral spinal cord.4) The cranial nuclei: The Edinger-Westphal nucleus, nuclei of nervi oculomotor principalis, tractus spinalis nervi trigemini and tractus solitarii and the nuclei vestibularis lateralis, medialis, superior and spinalis were found to project to spinal cord. There was somatotopic arrangement in the nucleus vestibularis lateralis.5) The nuclei of locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, neucleus retroambigualis and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus projected bilaterally to the spinal cord.6) The red nucleus: Large amount of labeled cells were seen in the controlateral red nucleus. The ventrolateral part of the red nucleus projected to the cervical enlargement while the dorsornedial part to the lumbar enlargement.7) The superior colliculus and the griseum centrale mesencephali projected to the gray matter ventral to the dorsal horn of the cervical enlargement.

To improve the anesthesia skills of younger anesthesiologists ,department of anes-thesiology of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University formed the tutorial system based on tutori-al team. Through enhancing the selection of tutors,establishing of tutorial team and conducting clini-cal skill guidance and scientific research ability training,department of anesthesiology aimed to devel-op personal quality,clinical and scientific research ability of younger anesthesiologists in the process of clinical completion and application of scientific research subject.

The synchronous fluorescence spectra of myoglobin were studies for the first time. The fluorescence peaks observed in the spectra were assigned. When the wavelength interval (Δλ) is 80 nm, the main peak at 335 nm is originated from the tryptophan residues in the myoglobin molecule. When Δλis 20 mn, the peak at 308 nm is mainly due to the tyrosine residues in the myoglobin molecule and in a small part due to the tryptophan residues.Two peaks at 322 and 596 nm were observed in the spectrum of myoglobin for Δλ = 40 nm. The peak at 322 nm is due to both tyrosine and tryptophan residues. The peak at 596 nm is attributed to the heme group in the myoglobin molecule .

HRP was injected into C_6, C_7, L_5, L_6 or T_(5～7) spinal gray. The retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradly labeled terminal arborizations were traced in L_5 and T_5 in cervical injection cases, C_5 and T_5 in lumbar cases, and C_5, L_5 in thoracic cases.Large amount of labeled cell were consistently found in laminae Ⅶ (including the lateral horn of the thoracic cord) and Ⅷ, next numerous in lamina Ⅴ and Ⅹ region. Lamina Ⅰ was found labeled in the cervical and lumbar cord, but virtually not found in the thoracic cord. Labeled cells were few and inconsistent in laminae Ⅳ and Ⅵ. A few labeled lamina Ⅸ cells could be found in the thoracic cord, only occasionally in the lumbar cord, but could not be found in the cervical cord. Laminae Ⅱ and Ⅲ were free from labeled cells in all cases. The labeled terminal arborizations were more widespread and could be found in practically every lamina, being densest in region Ⅹ, laminae Ⅶ (including the lateral horn of the thoracic cord) and Ⅷ. In lumbar injection cases a prominent plexus of labeled terminal arborization could be seen in the ventrolateral part of the C_5 ventral horn. Corresponding plexus was not found in the lumbar cord in cervical injection cases.Some labeled terminal arborizations were found in close approximation to or overlapping with labeled cells or unlabeled motor neurons.These results imply that: (1) The occurance of labeled cells and labeled terminal arborizations in the lateral part of lamina Ⅶ (lateral horn) suggests that intersegmental connection is related to visceral activities as well as somatic ones. (2) Labeled cells were consistently found in region Ⅹ which was also the area of dense labeling of terminal arborization, suggesting that this region plays a remarkable role in intersegmental connection. (3) Long ascending bundle connects the lumbar enlargement with the ventrolateral part of the motor neurons directly. (4) The close approximation of labeled terminal arborization and labeled cells signifies direct intersegmental feedback circuit.

The cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal gray was injected with HRP or WGAHRP unilaterally in 18 adult rabbits and the anterograde labeling was traced in the pontine nucleus and the caudal pontine ventrolateral tegmentum.In the pontine nucleus labeled terminal arborizations were found in its caudal 1/3, distributing in the paramedian nucleus, the dorsal part of peduncular nucleus and the dorsolateral nucleus. In the ventrolateral tegmentum four small cell groups were found labeled which were temporarily denominated as VLPT_(1～4) groups. In all locations labelings were found bilaterally and no apparent somatotopical localization could be identified.The cytoarchitecture of VLPT_(1～4) was studied on Nissl sections and their relationship with Meessen and Olszewski's (M-O's) "k" and "m" groups and with pontobulbar body was discussed. VLPT_2 (corresponding to the ventral part of M-O's "k") and VLPT_3 (corresponding to a part of M-O's "m") join each other to form one group which then merges into the dorsolateral nucleus of the pontine gray. They apparently form a part of the pontobulbar body.