PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the child rearing experience of mothers of school-age children with autism spectrum disorders in Korea. METHODS: Seven mothers were interviewed from October 2015 to January 2016. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological method. RESULTS: The study results showed that the child rearing experience of mothers of school-age children with autism spectrum disorders consists of six major themes: “facing unexpected situations”, “trying to accept children with disabilities”, “having considerably adjusted to the difficulties associated with the children's school life”, “experiencing frustrations”, “maintaining a child-centered life style”, and “being grateful for the present and looking forward to a better future”. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study show the need to provide more practically individualized and holistic services in the community for this population including their children such as lifetime education programs for the children and more financial aid for their therapies. In addition, the results reveal that mothers need physical, emotional, informational, financial, and social support to continue their life with children who have autism spectrum disorders.
Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Autistic Disorder* ; Child ; Child Rearing* ; Child* ; Disabled Children ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Mothers* ; Qualitative Research

During the past decades, there has been a great evolution in the field of fetal therapy for congenital defects. Prenatal screening or diagnostic methods including non-invasive and invasive methods and fetal ultrasound have led to earlier and more accurate diagnosis of congenital anomalies. Recent advances in several therapeutic techniques including ultrasound-guided needle therapy, laser therapy or fetal endoscopy, have allowed some fetuses at risk with anatomical defects, to be corrected in utero but still, its clinical indications remain limited. Over the last 30 years, many researchers found usefulness of pluripotent stem cells from amniotic fluid and placenta because they are sources of diverse progenitor cell populations called mesenchymal stem cells. In some human conditions like severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome and chronic granulomatous disease, fetal therapy using stem cell replacement showed some promising results in researches but more studies are required to apply in clinical settings. The aim of this article is to summarize a current status and future perspective of stem cell therapy for treatment of congenital fetal anomalies.
Amniotic Fluid ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Fetal Therapies* ; Fetus ; Granulomatous Disease, Chronic ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Needles ; Placenta ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ; Stem Cells* ; Ultrasonography

Pregnancy provides a unique opportunity for young women to begin participating in the National Cancer Screening Program. The incidence of abnormal Pap smear test results during pregnancy is approximately 5%, and is comparable to that in non-pregnant women. However, normal physiological changes of the cervix during pregnancy can complicate the diagnostic accuracy of the Pap smear test, and prevent appropriate management in women who yield an abnormal test result. To date, no large, prospective clinical trials evaluating the management of women with abnormal Pap smear tests in pregnancy have been performed. Herein, we review and summarize a large series of literature and consensus guidelines on the evaluation of abnormal Pap smear test results and the management of cervical neoplasia in pregnancy.
Cervix Uteri ; Consensus ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Papanicolaou Test* ; Pregnancy* ; Prospective Studies

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of simulation-based education for delivery nursing performed in Korea and its effects. METHODS: report was prepared by guidelines presented by PRISMA group. The key words used for search were 'delivery nursing and simulation', 'obstetric nursing and simulation', or 'integrated nursing and simulation'. A total of 13 studies published in South Korea from 2012 to 2015 were included in the final analysis. The R with the 'metafor' package was used for the analysis. RESULTS: This study found that simulation-based education for delivery nursing was effective in improving clinical performance, clinical judgement, communication skills, confidence, knowledge, learning attitude, satisfaction, and self-efficacy and in reducing practice stress. CONCLUSION: This study reaffirms the effect of simulation-based education for delivery nursing. In order for nursing students to equip more flexible practice capability in this rapidly changing clinical field, the use of simulation-based learning is considered now almost essential. The result of this study can be used as a reference for evidence-based education for delivery nursing.
Education* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Republic of Korea ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on maternal role adjustment among the primiparous women in the first year after childbirth. METHODS: The study subjects were 210 healthy primiparous women who have delivered at one of four women's health hospitals and revisited the out-patient department for the routine check-up and baby's vaccination during the first year after childbirth. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire which consisted of general characteristics, maternal role adjustment, spousal rearing support, childcare stress, and postpartum depression. Collected data were analyzed by using the SPSS Win 18.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. RESULTS: The maternal role adjustment was significantly correlated with spousal rearing support (r=.649, p<.001), childcare stress (r=-.596, p<.001), postpartum depression (r=-.569, p<.001), and subjective health condition (r=.204, p=.003). The multiple regression analysis showed that the maternal role adjustment were significantly affected by spousal rearing support (t=6.542, p<.001). childcare stress (t=-3.268, p=.001), and postpartum depression (t=-2.238, p=.018). CONCLUSION: From these results, it is concluded that the nursing intervention for enhancing spousal support in childcare and decreasing the childcare stress and depression should be developed for improving maternal role adjustment in the first time mother, especially within one year after childbirth.
Depression ; Depression, Postpartum ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Female ; Humans ; Maternal Behavior ; Mothers ; Nursing ; Outpatients ; Parity ; Parturition* ; Vaccination ; Women's Health

PURPOSE: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood illness, which frequently presents with various comorbid emotional, social, and behavioral problems. Yet, children with epilepsy also experience significant behavioral problems. In this study, we compared behavioral problems of 124 children and adolescents with newly diagnosed ADHD and 40 youths with epilepsy, aged 6~17 years. METHODS: Among 1,576 urban community children and adolescents, the ADHD rating scale, the Comprehensive Attention Test, and a psychiatric interview were used to diagnose ADHD. In addition, we used the mother's rating on the Korean Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) to assess the presence of behavioral problems. RESULTS: Compared to the epilepsy group, the ADHD group had lower IQ scores (100.29±13.47 vs. 108.61±15.04, p=0.007). In addition, the ADHD group had higher total K-CBCL scores (66.44±10.32 vs. 50.68±8.97, p<0.001) as well as higher scores on all eight subscales of the K-CBCL than the epilepsy group. Sixty-five participants (52.4%) in the ADHD group showed significant behavioral problems (t score ≥64) compared to 7.5% of epilepsy group. After controlling for IQ, using an analysis of covariance, the ADHD group showed significantly higher total scores on the K-CBCL and all its subscales (p<0.001) than the epilepsy group, except on the somatic complaints subscale (p=0.275). CONCLUSION: Children with newly diagnosed ADHD suffer from various behavioral problems; therefore, the early assessment of and interventions for comorbid behavioral problems should be conducted for optimal management of childhood ADHD.
Adolescent* ; Checklist ; Child Behavior ; Child* ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Problem Behavior*

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of problem drinking among adolescents in South Korea. METHODS: The data of Youth Health Risk Behavior web-based Survey (2015) collected by Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was analyzed using logistic regression for this study. RESULTS: The problem drinking (defined as two or more points in the CRAFFT) among current drinkers was 36.1%. Risk factors of the problem drinking were sexual activity after drinking (odds 6.33 for men, 4.72 for women), experience of smoking (odds 4.70 for men, 5.12 for women), experience of artificial abortion (odds 4.57 for women), experience of pregnancy (odds 4.45 for women), sexual transmitted infection (odds 1.90 for men, 2.53 for women), depression (odds 2.11 for men, 2.15 for women) and suicidal idea (odds 2.53 for men, 1.88 for women). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop proper problem drinking prevention programs focusing on men and women. Adjusted health education programs will contribute to maintain their health and protect effectively from these risk taking behaviors.
Adolescent* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Depression ; Drinking* ; Female ; Health Education ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Problem Behavior ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate an accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss and the usefulness of simulation-based educational program for postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: The participants included 12 nurses and 8 residents who were working at Mother and Baby Center of Ewha Womans University Hospital. A simulation-based education for estimation of blood loss was conducted for all of the participants. Tests were performed before and after simulation-based education. Two additional tests were performed two and four weeks after the education. Self-confidence score for blood loss estimation was also investigated by questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant underestimation was observed in all questions of 450, 700, and 1,100 mL. Median for percent errors of each questions were -50%, -29%, and -9%, respectively. After simulation-based education, accuracy was improved with the medians of -5%, 0%, and 13%. Selfconfidence score in visual estimation of blood loss was also improved significantly after the education. There were no differences by profession or work experience. CONCLUSION: Significant underestimation was seen before simulation-based education. This study shows that the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation was improved after education. Accurate estimation of blood loss will contribute to a timely diagnosis and resuscitation in postpartum hemorrhage. Our study suggests that periodic education for visual estimation of blood loss in obstetrical hemorrhage might improve accuracy and clinical outcome.
Diagnosis ; Education ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Learning* ; Mothers ; Postpartum Hemorrhage* ; Postpartum Period* ; Resuscitation

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the baseline awareness of symptoms and risk factors for ovarian cancer and to assess health beliefs in women. METHODS: Women aged over 20 to under 70 years were recruited using convenient sampling (n=207). Questionnaire survey were included on demographics, symptoms/risk factors awareness, intention to test and health belief about ovarian cancer. Survey response rate was analyzed using SPSS Window version 21.0. RESULTS: The level of ovarian cancer awareness was very low at an urban in South Korea. and the total score was 20~30 points. Especially, participants were not aware symptoms including indigestion, abdominal fullness and risk factors including late menopause, family history of ovarian/breast cancer and BRCA1/2 mutation carrier. Regarding main symptoms of ovarian cancer, 82.9% of participants did not choose to visit gynecology but they wanted to visit internists. In terms of Health beliefs, overall women agreed or strongly agreed for perceived seriousness and benefit, but the score of perceived sensitivity and barriers(inversed score) were poor with 2.02, 2.40 of 4, respectively. CONCLUSION: Many symptoms and risk factors of ovarian cancer are not well-recognized by women. Therefore, evidence-based interventions are neeeded not only to improve women's awareness but also to detect at early stage of ovarian cancer. The results of this study highlights with the need for efforts to improve health beliefs.
Demography ; Diagnosis ; Dyspepsia ; Female ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Menopause ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the infertility stress, marital intimacy, and marital satisfaction of women under infertility treatment, and to reveal associated factors of marital satisfaction. METHODS: As a descriptive correlation study, data was collected from 174 women under infertility treatment. Data was analysed using χ2-test, t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: Infertility stress, marital intimacy, and marital satisfaction averaged 3.20±.3 (range of scale 1~5), 3.53±.5, and 3.74±.6, respectively. The marital satisfaction varied with a statistical significance by the spouse's attitude about infertility treatment and financial burden on infertility treatments. Marital satisfaction had a positive correlation with infertility stress (r=.526, p<.001) and marital intimacy (r=.637, p<.001). We also identified the marital intimacy as the most influencing factor and the infertility stress as the second most influencing factor on the infertile women's marital satisfaction. CONCLUSION: This research provided a valuable opportunity to recognize infertility as a marital, family, and societal problem, which calls for relational support as well as personal support. The infertility experts need to recognize both the personal and relational aspects of the infertility problem, and make various efforts to promote the reproductive health of the infertile patients.
Female ; Humans ; Infertility* ; Reproductive Health ; Statistics as Topic