We attempted to determine whether energy density would influence calorie intake via cognitive cues, as reflected by satiety. This experiment was designed using two different energy density levels of Kimbab: normal Kimbab (1.6 kcal/g) vs low-density Kimbab (1.0 kcal/g). 26 female college students participated in this study. The subjects ate Kimbab in the lab once a week for 2 weeks. Each week at noon, they were served 24 units of either normal or low-density Kimbab, and we determined the units, grams, and calories of the real & cognitive intake of Kimbab, and also analyzed the satiety rate after eating Kimbab. Our results demonstrated that the real calorie intake from the low-density Kimbab was significantly lower than that of the normal Kimbab (290.3 kcal vs 474.4 kcal, p<0.001), but we noted no significant differences in the units and grams of real and cognitive intake between the normal and low-density Kimbab. However, despite consuming 39% lower caloric intake, the subjects reported similar levels of satiety rates with the two different density levels of Kimbab, as they did not perceive themselves to have eaten more normal Kimbab than low-density Kimbab. Thus, this study provides evidence that the energy density of food is a crucial determinant of caloric intake, and supports the notion that the consumption of low energy-dense foods may result in a reduction of caloric intake without altering satiety.
Cues ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Pyridines ; Thiazoles

This study was conducted to evaluate the sanitary performance and knowledge of elementary school foodservice employees. The specific aim of this study was to decipher why employees cannot apply learned knowledge to real work situations. In total, 437 foodservice operation employees attended a regular sanitary education program under the auspices of Seoul Gangdong and Gangseo district offices. The five sanitary practice performance evaluators included personal hygiene, ingredient control, process control, safety management, and sanitary education. These dimensions were self-evaluated using the Likert 5-point scale. Collected data were subjected to descriptive and comparative analysis using SPSS (Version 12.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical package. The main results are summarized as follows: 93.6% of the respondents were women and 57% were aged between 40~49. Total mean score of the five sanitary performance evaluators was 4.73 for elementary school. Ingredient control score was 4.86, process control 4.80, and personal hygiene 4.79. But the sanitary education field score was 4.48, which was significantly lower than the total mean score. Safety management score was 4.73. The main source of sanitary education for school foodservice employees was verbal education.
Aged ; Chicago ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Female ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Safety Management

In order to elucidate the effects of a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet on serum lipid levels, 91 male collegians residing in the Seoul area were recruited. The vegetarians did not smoke tobacco nor drink alcohol. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and blood lipid concentrations were compared to age-matched omnivorous controls. The subjects were divided into four groups. The four groups were: 1) NSNDV (n=25): Non Smoking Non Drinking Vegetarians, 2) NSNDO (n=10): Non Smoking Non Drinking Omnivores, 3) SDO (n=37): Smoking, Drinking Omnivores, 4) SDM (n=11): Smoking Drinking Meat-eaters. Total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and hematocrit were analyzed. The results were as follows: Weight (p<0.05) and BMI (p<0.01) were significantly higher in SDM than NSNDV. Dietary protein (p<0.01), iron (p<0.05) and dietary lipids (p<0.01) from animals in NSNDV were significantly lower than the results in the SDM. Interestingly enough, we noted no significant differences between the four groups in terms of average total dietary protein, dietary lipids and dietary iron, total serum cholesterol, or HDL-cholesterol. Dietary fiber intake was significantly higher in NSNDV than in SDM (p<0.05). Weight, BMI, and total cholesterol were significantly positively correlated with animal protein (p<0.05) and animal lipid (p<0.01) intake. These results showed that vegetarian collegians who haven't smoked tobacco nor drunk alcohol evidenced lower body weight, BMI, and dietary animal lipid intake, but higher dietary fiber intake, than the other three groups. Additionally, intake of animal protein (p<0.001) and intake of animal lipids (p<0.001) were significantly positively correlated with body weight, BMI, and total serum cholesterol in male collegians.
Aminoacridines ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Diet, Vegetarian ; Dietary Fiber ; Dietary Proteins ; Drinking ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Iron ; Iron, Dietary ; Male ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the medical nutrition therapy of premature infants. The general characteristics, presence of metabolic disorders, hematological profile and feeding methods were compared between the premature infant group (<37 weeks, n=61) and the full-term infant group (37~42 weeks, n=165). Birth weight (p<0.0001), birth length (p<0.005), head circumference (p<0.0001), chest circumference (p<0.0001), and Apgar scores (p<0.0001) of the neonates were all statistically lower in the premature infant group. Jaundice cases (p<0.0001) were statistically higher in the premature infant group. White blood cell counts (WBC: p<0.005), mean corpuscular volume (MCV: p<0001), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH: p<0.005), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC: p<0.005), and mean platelet volume (MPV: p<0.05) were statistically lower in the premature infant group. The premature infant group were fed a higher rate of premature formula than breast milk and the full-term infant group were fed a high rate of human milk at a higher rate, showing differences in kinds of feeding methods (p<0.0001) between the two groups. An infant's birth weight showed a significantly positive correlation with the infant's birth length (p<0.0001), head circumference (p<0.0001), chest circumference (p<0.0001), and Apgar scores(p<0.0001). The birth length also showed a significantly positive correlation with both head circumference (p<0.05) and chest circumference (p<0.05). Head circumference showed a significantly positive correlation with chest circumference (p<0.0001) and Apgar scores (p<0.0001). Chest circumference showed a significantly positive correlation with Apgar scores (p<0.0001). In addition, the Apgar Score at of 1 minute after birth showed a significantly positive correlation with the Apgar score at of 5 minute after birth (p<0.0001).
Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Blood Platelets ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Feeding Methods ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Jaundice ; Leukocyte Count ; Milk, Human ; Nutrition Therapy ; Parturition ; Thorax

The principal objective of this study was to determine the importance of obesity management nutrition programs for obese male workers after performing a 10-week nutrition program and to compare changes in the obesity index, health behavior, meal intake, and blood constituents. The study subjects included 44 individuals, all without chronic disease. After the program, the weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) of the subjects dropped. Dietary life behavior scores increased. In particular, more than 30% increases were detected in self-control of surfeit, control of eating speed, temperance, and regular exercise items. Total caloric intake and average drinking intake dropped. Though insignificant, systolic pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and sGPT all dropped as compared to the levels measured prior to the program. Fasting blood sucrose, triglyceride, g-GTP, and atherogenic index dropped significantly. HDL-cholesterol, though insignificant, increased. As the result of examining correlations between the subjects' health life behavior, caloric intake, and improvement in obesity, we noted a significant correlation between self-control of surfeit and temperance in the health life behavior item, along with significant correlations among total calorie intake, surfeit percentage, and daily average drinking intake. These results demonstrated that nutrition program for obese workers performed at the Community Health Center had the effect of reducing obesity, improving health behavior, and improving clinical levels. Thus, it is advisable that obesity management programs be achieved, linking the center of local societies' health promotion projects, community health centers, and workplaces, and various programs should be developed to maintain and continue changes in workers' behaviors, such that the positive effects of improvement in obesity could be maintained, even after the program.
Adipose Tissue ; Alanine Transaminase ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Chronic Disease ; Community Health Centers ; Drinking ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Fasting ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Obesity ; Sucrose ; Temperance ; Waist-Hip Ratio

The principal objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status and dietary quality in low-income elderly individuals residing at home (LH) or in health care facilities (LHCF) with dietitian. This study was conducted via anthropometric measurements, questionnaire interviews, and dietary surveys using a 24 hr recall method with 120 low-income elderly individuals (LHCF=46, LH=74). The average ages of the LH and LHCF group were 76.3 years and 78.6 years, respectively. The LH group evidenced a significantly higher frequency of skipping meals than the LHCF group. The average energy intakes of the LHCF and LH group were 1921.0 kcal and 1443.9 kcal, with a significant difference (p<0.001). Most of the nutrient intake and intake rates for recommended intake were significantly higher among the LHCF group as compared with the LH group. The LHCF group showed significantly higher values for the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), nutrient density (ND), and the index of nutritional quality (INQ) by dietary qualitative estimation than in the LH group. The Korean diet diversity scores (KDDS) were 3.66 for LH group and 4.93 for the LHCF group, thus were significantly higher in the LHCF group than in the LH group. The results of the present study demonstrate that the LH group appeared to experience more dietary problems than the LHCF group. It was suggested that nutritional education is needed for low-income elderly individuals living at home, in order for them to learn proper dietary management. This can be achieved via educational programs in social welfare institutions, incentives toward employment as a dietitian, and implementation of community-based support.
Aged ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diet ; Employment ; Humans ; Meals ; Motivation ; Nutritional Status ; Nutritive Value ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Social Welfare

The principal objective of this study was to determine how weaning by mothers of preschool children between the ages of five and seven years influences the children's eating habits and food preferences. The results of this study will help to educate mothers about good weaning practices and facilitate the development of weaning programs by providing basic data on the subject. The results demonstrated significantly positive correlations between children's scores on eating habits and the level of vigorous weaning practices, the consistency of their practice, and the child's reaction to the foods provided (p<0.001). A positive correlation was noted between the frequency of providing solid food and the preference toward the food, with the exception of boiled rice and brightly colored vegetables. Thus, the results of this survey showed that the frequency and variety of solid foods that mothers try to actively provide their young children affect their food preferences and eating habits in general. These conclusions suggest that mothers should be educated about the significance of proper weaning so that their children can develop appropriate eating habits, and that there should be nutritional education for mothers, regarding the best weaning practices.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Eating ; Food Preferences ; Humans ; Mothers ; Vegetables ; Weaning

The purpose of this study was to provide basic materials and assistance for developing a nutritional education program targeting marriage immigrant women, and it was carried out on 86 female marriage immigrants living in the Gyeongbuk region. An average age of the female marriage immigrants who participated in this survey were 28.6 years, and their home countries were the Philippines (32.6%), Vietnam (29.1%), and so on. Exactly 59.3% of subjects had been married for 1~5 years, and 40.7% of the subjects had an education status of less than middle school graduation. The majority of them (65.1%) had one more children, and 51.2% of subjects were a part of a nuclear-family, with the husband's age between 40~49 years old (58.1%). Concern for nutrition label was significantly different according to number of children (P<0.01), period of marriage (P<0.001), and education level (P<0.05). It was demonstrated that a higher level of education was associated with a higher need to learn about nutritional information. Understanding nutritional facts and knowledge was significantly higher among the women with two children than no child (P<0.05), period of marriage >10 years than <1 year (P<0.01), and education level of college & university graduation than less than middle school (P<0.05). Sixty percent of the women surveyed participated in the education program of 'Korean language' as they were in their country, and the most preferred education program was 'Korean dietary life and culture' (39.5%). Regarding participation and educational method, the majority of subjects responded that they wanted to learn nutritional education in a cooking academy or school (52.9%) and public health center (34.1%).
Child ; Cooking ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Female ; Food Additives ; Humans ; Marriage ; Philippines ; Public Health ; Vietnam

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in nutritional status of gastrectomy patients. The anthropometric and biochemical data were measured at pre-operation, at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge. Nutrient intake levels, nutrients adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and the proportion of patients with intake levels inferior to those of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were analyzed at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge. Finally, the data on 23 patients (15 male and 8 female) were collected and used for statistical analysis. Fifteen patients underwent subtotal gastrectomy, and 8 patients underwent total gastrectomy. Compared to pre-operation, body weight and body mass index of subjects significantly decreased at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge (P<0.001). Serum albumin (P<0.001), total lympocyte count (P<0.001), total cholesterol (P<0.001), hemoglobin (P<0.001), hematocrit (P<0.001), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P<0.05) were significantly different between pre-operation, at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge. The proportions of patients with lower nutrient intake levels than DRIs were substantial. MAR at discharge, 1 month after discharge, and 3 months after discharge were 0.70, 0.80 and 0.91, respectively. Especially, the NARs of folate, niacin, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and zinc were all low. Considering the various nutritional problems of gastrectomy patients, systematic medical nutrition therapy is needed after gastrectomy.
Ascorbic Acid ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Erythrocyte Indices ; Folic Acid ; Gastrectomy ; Hematocrit ; Hemoglobins ; Humans ; Male ; Niacin ; Nutrition Therapy ; Nutritional Status ; Riboflavin ; Serum Albumin ; Zinc

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data for health promotion and improvement of the dietary life in students who receive school lunch support (SLS) by comparative analysis of food service satisfaction, dietary habits, and nutrition intakes according to SLS. The subjects of this study consisted of 258 boys and 233 girls at a middle school in Incheon. The students' average age was 14.9 years, average height was 161.3 cm, and average weight was 52.0 kg. The breakfast eating frequency of the No-SLS (NSLS) group was significantly greater than that of the SLS group (P<0.05). The time spent for eating breakfast in the SLS group was significantly shorter than that of the NSLS group for boys. There was no significant difference in dietary attitudes according to SLS. For satisfaction of the quantity and diversity of the school lunch menu in girls, the SLS group had higher satisfaction than the NSLS group. The daily energy intake of the SLS group was significantly lower than that of the NSLS group in both boys and girls. The majority of daily nutrients intakes in the SLS group were also significantly lower than those in the NSLS group. In summary, the female students in the SLS group were more satisfied with school lunch service than general students. However, SLS students less frequently ate breakfast and showed lower energy and nutrient intakes. Therefore, in order to improve the nutritional status and dietary life of students who receive school lunch support, consistent nutrition management and support in schools are required.
Adolescent ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Food Habits ; Food Services ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals ; Nutritional Status