PURPOSE: Gongju is a famous area for chestnuts, which contain various nutrients and phytochemicals. This study aimed to develop gochujang items using Gongju chestnuts and analyze nutritional properties for the best item by sensory evaluation in order to increase marketability of chestnut processed foods. METHODS: Gochujang was prepared, and nutrient contents of gochujang were analyzed according to the methods of the food fair by Korea Food Research Institute. Three kinds of gochujang, including general (control)-, dried chestnut powder-, and chestnut syrup- were prepared. Sensory evaluation was performed on three kinds of gochujang by 45 adults, including males and females (20's~60's years of age). RESULTS: Chestnut syrup-gochujang was evaluated as significantly higher than general- or dried chestnut powder-gochujang by sensory evaluation. Thus, nutrition facts were produced for chestnut syrup gochujang. Nutrient contents per 100 g of chestnut syrup gochujang and traditional gochujang in the literature were similar in terms of total carbohydrates and fat, whereas protein content was higher and sodium content was lower in chestnut syrup gochujang than in traditional gochujang in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that chestnut syrup gochujang has nutritional benefits such as higher content of protein and lower content of sodium than traditional gochujang in the literature, in addition with its good taste. Therefore, chestnut syrup gochujang may have high usage potential. There is a need to improve the quality and storage of chestnut syrup gochujang through future study.
Academies and Institutes ; Adult ; Carbohydrates ; Chungcheongnam-do* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Phytochemicals ; Sodium

PURPOSE: Screening of preschool-age children for nutrition programs to improve dietary intake and behaviors requires cost-effective and easily administered validated assessment tools. The purpose of this study was to develop a parent/caregiver-administered instrument for measuring diet quality and behaviors of preschoolers as a nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P). METHODS: Development of NQ-P was carried out in three steps: item generation, item reduction, and validation. The 24-h dietary record was selected as the gold standard reference tool. The 38 items of the NQ-P checklist were derived from a systematic literature review, expert in-depth interviews, statistical analysis of the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, and national nutrition policies and recommendations. Self-administered questionnaires were delivered to parents who recorded 24-h dietary intakes of 100 responders aged 3~5 yr. Pearson's correlation was used to measure the level of agreement between questionnaires. Item reduction was performed, and 20 items were selected based on survey results, expert reviews, and priorities of national nutrition policy and recommendations. The 412 nationwide subjects sampled through daycare centers completed the 20-item checklist questionnaire. The construct validity of the NQ-P was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, LISREL. RESULTS: After analyses of exploratory factors, NQ-P items identified three dimensions of diet (balance, moderation, and environment). The three-factor structure accounted for 49.28% of the total variance. Standardized path coefficients were used as weights of the items. The NQ-P and three-factor scores of the subjects were calculated by the obtained weights of the questionnaire items. CONCLUSION: A food behavior checklist for preschoolers' NQ would be a useful and suitable instrument for evaluating nutrition adequacy and dietary quality of Korean preschoolers.
Checklist ; Child ; Diet ; Diet Records ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutrition Surveys ; Parents ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: This study analyzed the degree of job stress and caffeine intake in workers in industrial positions in order to determine the relationships between job stress and caffeine intake. METHODS: For this purpose, this study conducted a survey targeting 361 blue collar workers working for K manufacturing company, Gwangju. RESULTS: The total score for job stress in subjects was 72.7 ± 6.8 points/100 points. According to job stress, subjects were categorized as follows: Q1 for the group who had the least stress; Q2 for the group who had little stress; Q3 for the group who had a lot of stress, and Q4 for the group who had the most stress. As for the effects of caffeine on health, 57.1% thought that caffeine is helpful and not harmful if taken properly while 17.3% responded that less caffeine consumption is better. Daily intake of caffeine according to stress was presented as: 172.0 ± 85.3 mg in Q1, 179.0 ± 83.7 mg in Q2, 187.9 ± 81.4 mg in Q3, and 214.2 ± 147.3 mg in Q4 (p < 0.05). The percentages of caffeine consumption compared to the daily safe limit in subjects were: 43.0 ± 21.3, 44.8 ± 20.9, 47.1 ± 20.4, and 53.6 ± 36.8% in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively (p < 0.05). Adverse effects such as nausea or vomiting from caffeine were most common in Q4 (p < 0.05) CONCLUSION: As a result, higher stress in blue collar workers working for K manufacturing company was associated with more caffeine consumption. Groups with a lot of stress (Q4) consumed approximately 50% of daily safe limit of caffeine. Considering the results above, this study suggests that further research on more precise caffeine intake and its effects is needed.
Caffeine* ; Gwangju ; Nausea ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status of female marriage immigrants attending Korean language class in Gwangju, Korea by analyzing daily food and nutrient intake. METHODS: Eighty-three female immigrants completed a survey. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and dietary food intake was assessed using a 1-day 24 hour recall method. RESULTS: The average length of residence in Korea was 5.3 years, and mean age of subjects was 31.0 years old. The home countries of subjects were Vietnam (50.6%), China (24.1%), Philippines (13.3%), and others (12%). Due to the length of residence, there were significant differences in body weight (p < 0.05), BMI (p < 0.05), percent body fat (p < 0.05), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The subjects who were 30~49 years old consumed more vegetables and less seaweed than the subjects who were 20~29 years old. The other kinds of consumed foods were similar among groups in different age groups or lengths of residence in Korea. Average energy intake of subjects was 1,641.0 Kcal. The group with less than 5 years of residence showed higher cholesterol intake than the group with 5 or more years of residence in Korea (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the groups of different age or length of residence. There was a positive association among dietary cholesterol intake and consumption of eggs, milk. and dairy products, and blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The study shows that length of residence affects rate of obesity and nutritional status. Further extensive research is needed to understand the effect of dietary changes and nutritional status of female marriage immigrants as well as for their successful adaptation to develop a more active and long-term nutrition education program.
Adipose Tissue ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; China ; Cholesterol ; Cholesterol, Dietary ; Dairy Products ; Eating* ; Education ; Eggs ; Emigrants and Immigrants* ; Energy Intake ; Female* ; Gwangju* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Marriage* ; Methods ; Milk ; Nutritional Status* ; Obesity ; Ovum ; Philippines ; Seaweed ; Vegetables ; Vietnam

PURPOSE: This study investigated bone mineral density and nutritional state according to consumption of milk in Korean postmenopausal women who drink coffee. METHODS: Using the 2008~2009 Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey data, a total of 1,373 postmenopausal females aged 50 yrs and over were analyzed after excluding those with diseases related to bone health. According to coffee and/or milk consumption, subjects were divided into four groups: coffee only, both coffee & milk, milk only, and none of the above. All data were processed after application of weighted values and adjustment of age, body mass index, physical activity, drinking, and smoking using a general linear model. For analysis of nutrient intake and bone density, data were additionally adjusted by total energy and calcium intake. RESULTS: The coffee & milk group had more subjects younger than 65 yrs and higher education, urban residents, and higher income than any other group. The coffee only group showed somewhat similar characteristics as the none of the above group, which showed the highest percentage of subjects older than 65 and in a lower education and socio-economic state. Body weight, height, body mass index, and lean mass were the highest in coffee & milk group and lowest in the none of the above group. On the other hand, the milk only group showed the lowest values for body mass index and waist circumference, whereas percent body fat did not show any difference among the groups. The coffee and milk group showed the highest bone mineral density in the total femur and lumbar spine as well as the highest nutritional state and most food group intakes, followed by the milk only group, coffee only group, and none of the above group. In the assessment of osteoporosis based on T-score of bone mineral density, although not significant, the coffee and milk group and milk only group, which showed a better nutritional state, included more subjects with a normal bone density, whereas the none of the above group included more subjects with osteoporosis than any other group. CONCLUSION: Bone mineral density in postmenopausal women might not be affected by coffee drinking if their diets are accompanied by balanced food and nutrient intake including milk.
Adipose Tissue ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Bone Density* ; Calcium ; Coffee* ; Diet ; Drinking ; Education ; Female ; Femur ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea* ; Linear Models ; Milk* ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Osteoporosis ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spine ; Waist Circumference

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to conduct dietary assessment of Korean adults according to intake of Korean soup and stew. METHODS: To accomplish this study, 20,926 adults aged 19 yr or higher who participated in the dietary intake survey (24 h recall method) were analyzed from the data of the 2011~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The items included in the soup and stew were guk, tang, jjigae, jijimi, and jeongol. RESULTS: Intakes of soup and stew of subjects were divided into quartiles; intake range by quartile was Q1: < 22.96 g, Q2: 22.96~98.75 g, Q3: 98.75~212.23 g, and Q4: ≥ 212.24 g. In the case of the Q4 group, male, married, employed, higher educated, and high income subjects showed increased intakes of soup and stew. In addition, sodium intake among nutrient intakes increased from 3,849.04 mg in Q1 group to 5,363.57 mg in Q4 group. Intakes of cereals/grains, potatoes/starches, legumes, seeds/nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits, meat, fishes/shell fishes, milks/dairy products, oils/fats, and seasonings among all foods significantly increased from Q1 group to Q4 group. Lastly, in the multivariable regression analysis, male, higher age, married, eating breakfast, consumption of snacks, prepared meals from home/institution, average eating-out frequency per week, energy consumption, and sodium intake related parameters increased intake of Korean soup and stew. CONCLUSION: Excessive intake of sodium was related to high blood pressure and metabolic syndrome. Thus, there are needs to improve dietary guidelines and nutrition education for balanced intake of soup and stew.
Adult* ; Agaricales ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Education ; Fabaceae ; Fishes ; Fruit ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea* ; Male ; Meals ; Meat ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Seasons ; Snacks ; Sodium ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to estimate intakes of macronutrients and antioxidant vitamins according to the Hansik consumption rate among Korean adults. METHODS: Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 33,069 subjects aged over 19 years old were included in this study. We estimated individual daily Hansik consumption rates and intakes of macronutrients and antioxidant vitamins, including vitamin A and its subgroup such as retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by linking food consumption data with the nutrient and antioxidant vitamin database of commonly consumed foods. RESULTS: Around 75% of subjects consumed Hansik in over 75% of their daily total consumed food. The most frequently consumed Hansik was cabbage kimchi (1.57 times/day), followed by multigrain rice (0.86 times/day) and white rice (0.80 times/day). The household income level and education level was inversely associated with the Hansik consumption rate. There was a positive relationship between Hansik consumption rate and vitamin A, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and vitamin C intakes. On the other hand, Hansik consumption rate was inversely associated with energy and fat intake. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that Hansik consumption could provide more antioxidant vitamins and less energy and fat. Thus, further research will be needed to analyze the association between Hansik and health effects.
Adult* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Brassica ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea* ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship among cognitive function, nutrition screening initiative (NSI) score, and food intake status. METHODS: A total of 409 subjects aged over 60 years were recruited from the Yongin dementia prevention and control center. Mini Mental State Examination Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS) method was used to assess the cognitive function of the subjects. Information on health related behaviors and food intake was collected by face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires included the NSI DETERMINE checklist, food intake sheets by 24 hr recall method and by semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Subjects were divided into low cognitive or normal groups according to the MMSE-DS result. The prevalence of low cognitive function in the subjects was 25.7%. The low cognitive group exercised less and had higher nutritional health risk than the normal group. The low cognitive group had lower consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acid and higher tendency of thiamin, riboflavin, and iron deficiency. The low cognitive group had less frequency of eating mackerel, pepper, tangerine, and watermelon and higher frequency of eating white rice and cookies than the normal group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study imply that the cognitive function of elderly is related to exercise behavior, nutritional health risk, and food and nutrient intake status.
Aged* ; Checklist ; Citrullus ; Cognition* ; Dementia ; Eating ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Iron ; Mass Screening ; Methods ; Perciformes ; Prevalence ; Riboflavin

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between food intakes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The data were collected from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, subjects were divided into two groups, the normal fasting glucose (NFG) group (n = 7,738) and the T2DM group (n = 225). Dietary intake was derived from the nutrition survey, which was collected by trained dietitians using 24-hour dietary recall through the face-to-face interview method in the sample person's home. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounding factors, mean fruit (p = 0.0265), fruit and vegetable without kimchi (p = 0.0295), and fish (p = 0.0112) intakes were significantly lower in the T2DM group than in the NFG group. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratio (OR) for risk of high systolic blood pressure (≥ 140 mmHg) was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit intakes (OR; 0.657, 95% CI; 0.523~0.824). The OR for the risk of hypertriglyceridemia was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit and vegetable without kimchi (OR; 0.828, 95% CI; 0.7111~0.963) and fish (OR; 0.783, 95% CI; 0.673~0.910) intakes. CONCLUSION: These results show that intakes of fruits, fish, and fruits and vegetables without kimchi have beneficial effects on CVD in Korean women with T2DM.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Fasting ; Female ; Fruit* ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hypertriglyceridemia ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Methods ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritionists ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors* ; Vegetables

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three different levels of xylobiose containing sucrose on glycemic indices based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood glucose response in healthy adults. METHODS: Healthy adults (six male and five female participants, n = 11) underwent 14~16 hr of fasting. Subsequently, all participants took 50 g of available carbohydrates from glucose, sucrose containing 7% xylobiose (XB 7), sucrose containing 10% xylobiose (XB 10), or sucrose containing 14% xylobiose (XB 14) every week on the same day for 8 weeks. Finger prick blood was taken before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after starting to eat. RESULTS: We observed reduction of the glycemic response to sucrose containing xylobiose. The glycemic indices of XB 7, XB 10, and XB 14 were 57.0, 53.6, and 49.7, respectively. The GI values of XB 7 were similar to those of foods with medium GI, and the GI values of XB 10 and XB 14 were similar to those of foods with low GI. The postprandial maximum blood glucose rise (Cmax) of XB 14 was the lowest among the test foods. XB 7, XB 10, and XB 14 showed significantly lower areas under the glucose curve (AUC) for 0~30 min, 0~60 min, 0~90 min and 0~120 min compared to glucose. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that sucrose containing xylobiose has an acute suppressive effect on GI and postprandial maximum blood glucose rise. In addition, levels of xylobiose in sugar may allow more precise assessment of carbohydrate tolerance despite lower glycemic responses in a dose-dependent manner.
Adult* ; Blood Glucose* ; Carbohydrates ; Fasting ; Female ; Fingers ; Glucose ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glycemic Index* ; Humans ; Male ; Sucrose