PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for suitable neonate blood glucose maintenance by investigating and analyzing the blood glucose level of post cardiovascular surgery neonates in the ICU for the effect of blood glucose levels on the following outcomes; ICU stay, hospital stay, mechanical ventilation time, morbidity, and mortality. METHODS: The participants were 143 neonates in the ICU after having had cardiovascular surgery. The design for this study was an investigation of the blood glucose levels of the neonates and retrospective analysis of patient outcomes according to blood glucose level. RESULTS: The results for the neonate groups showed that the factors of hospital stay, ICU stay, mechanical ventilation time and mortality, for the group with a blood glucose level over 140 mg/dL were longer and higher than for the group with blood glucose of less than 100 mg/dL or the group between 100-139 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that when caring for neonates after cardiovascular surgery, it is important to recognize the influence of blood glucose levels on patient outcomes like hospital days, ICU stay, length of time on mechanical ventilation and mortality. Further, care guidelines for neonates' glucose level management need to be developed.
Blood Glucose ; Glucose ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Length of Stay ; Respiration, Artificial ; Retrospective Studies ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore recognition of mother-child interaction by preschoolers' mothers. METHODS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with mothers of 12 preschoolers. The data were analyzed following Downe-Wamboldt's content analysis methodology. RESULTS: From the data, 170 significant statements were selected and were classified into 7 categories and three domains (maternal, child, dyadic). First, the maternal domain consisted of maternal sensitivity, acceptable responsiveness, and child developmental encouragement. Second, the child domain consisted of child's sensitivity, responsiveness, and initiative. Third, the dyadic domain consisted of mutuality. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that preschoolers' mothers recognize the significant qualitative aspects of interaction with their children. Based on these results, instruments for preschooler-mother interaction need to be developed.
Child ; Child Development ; Humans ; Mothers ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of allergic disease among elementary school students in rural and urban areas. METHODS: In this study, 1,513 elementary students (1,163 in urban areas, 350 in rural areas) were surveyed. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage of allergic symptoms and chi2 test was used to identify differences in the prevalence of allergic symptoms between urban and rural area students. The SAS program was used in the data analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the prevalence of allergic disease according to whether there was a family member with a prior history of allergy symptoms. 48.7% of surveyed students (49.4% in urban, 46.3% in rural) had allergic symptoms. Allergic rhinitis was the most frequent allergic symptom in both urban and rural students. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is a need to prevent and manage allergies among elementary students. The family history should be considered an important factor when a program for allergy prevention and management is developed. Interventions are needed in both areas, especially for students with allergic rhinitis.
Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Phenothiazines ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The study aimed to identity specific needs for services and programs to help childhood cancer survivors adjust and adapt to life after treatment. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 childhood cancer survivors, diagnosed with cancer before the age of 18 and currently between 15 and 39 years of age. Each survivor had completed his/her cancer treatment. RESULTS: The participating cancer survivors reported needs for services related to psychological counseling, schooling and learning, social skills, mentorship, integrated health management, self support activities, families of survivors, and public recognition and awareness. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate a need to better understand childhood cancer survivors, provides a basis for developing various services and programs to improve the quality of life among childhood cancer patients, survivors, and their families, and supports the importance of psychosocial adjustment.
Counseling ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Learning ; Mentors ; Qualitative Research ; Quality of Life ; Social Welfare ; Survival Rate ; Survivors ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze factors affecting readmission of children with home ventilator care. METHODS: To collect patient data, a retrospective chart review was done of medical records of children admitted between June 1, 2007 and May 31, 2010 at one children's hospital located in Seoul. During that period 30 children were discharged with a home ventilator. RESULTS: Twenty-one of these children had a total of 63 readmissions during the study period, averaging 2.1 readmissions per child with a mean duration of hospitalization of 7.4 days. Children with nasogastric tubes were more frequently readmitted (t=7.232, p=.012) and duration of hospitalization was significantly longer (t=4.761, p=.038). Children who had cardio-pulmonary comorbidity were more frequently readmitted and had longer hospitalization than children without comorbidity (t=5.444, p=.027). When home ventilator assisted children were admitted via emergency room, they were hospitalized longer (t=14.686, p<.001). Cardio-pulmonary morbidity and readmission via ER explained 38.1% of variation for readmission. Feeding method explained 15.0% of variation in length of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that health care providers must give individualized education on home ventilator care to parents with children who are at risk for readmission due to cardio-pulmonary comorbidities, nasogastric tube, or readmission via ER.
Child ; Comorbidity ; Emergencies ; Feeding Methods ; Health Personnel ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Patient Readmission ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Retrospective Studies ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an empowerment program on nicotine dependency, temptation, self-esteem, and depression for adolescents who smoke. METHODS: The study design was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group, pre-post design. The participants were 49 adolescents who smoked. Twenty-six adolescents were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. The intervention was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. Chi-square test, t-test, paired-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: After program, scores for self-esteem (t=5.560, p=.014), were significantly higher and scores for depression (t=-2.111, p=.040) were significantly lower for adolescents in the experimental group compared to adolescents in the control group. CONCLUSION: The finding indicate that the empowerment group training program was effective in improving self-esteem, and decreasing depression and could be considered as a positive program for smoking cessation for adolescents who smoke.
Adolescent ; Dependency (Psychology) ; Depression ; Humans ; Nicotine ; Power (Psychology) ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore the meaning of joys and sorrows in mothers of children with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). METHODS: The participants were 9 mothers who each had a child with MPS. Data were gathered using in-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi method. RESULTS: The significant results from analyzing the interviews can be grouped into 12 concept descriptions, and 5 theme clusters. The essential theme clusters for the experience of the mothers were 'hopelessness about this rare disease', 'guilt because of the disease being hereditary', 'endless courses of treatment', 'wounds in the relationship', and 'relative composure of mind'. CONCLUSION: The finding of this study offer profound information on joys and sorrows experienced by mothers of children with MPS and provide basic data for developing nursing intervention strategies for the mothers of children with rare diseases.
Child ; Humans ; Mothers ; Mucopolysaccharidoses ; Rare Diseases ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The study was conducted to explore the parenting experience of mothers who have defected from North Korean. METHODS: Nineteen mothers who defected from North Korean were recruited in Hanawon and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Grounded theory methodology developed by Strauss and Corbin (1998) was adapted for theoretical sampling and analysis. Interviews were recorded with consent and transcribed verbatim. RESULTS: The core category was discovered to be 'pursuing positive parenting'. Phenomenon was identified as 'acting out of frustration' and this series of processes was categorized as having four stages: 'harsh reality', 'moving forward', 'seeking transition' and 'internalization'. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that their parenting experiences were in a transition process and, thus, it is critical to develop positive parenting intervention programs as a way to promote the empowerment of these mothers in parenting to help them support themselves and their children.
Child ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents ; Power (Psychology) ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was done to determine whether a parenting education program using responsive teaching strategies is effective for parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior and behavioral problems in children at risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Participants in this study were 17 elementary school children and their parents. The ADHD risk group was determined by scores on the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale. The parenting education program was developed based on Dr. Mahoney's responsive teaching curriculum. Mothers participated in the program once a week for 8 sessions. Treatment outcome was evaluated using the Korean version of the Child Behavior CheckList (K-CBCL), parenting stress, maternal interactional behavior, and child pivotal developmental behavior. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, and regression analysis. RESULTS: After the parenting education program, no significant difference in parenting stress (Z=-1.00, p=.320) was found, but there was a significant decrease in the child's internal behavior problems (Z=-2.05, p=.040), and also a significant improvement in maternal interactional behavior and a significant difference in child pivotal developmental behavior (Z=-2.67, p=.008). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that parenting education programs based on responsive teaching strategies are effective and that application of a program is recommended to prevent behavioral problems and improve maternal child interaction for children at risk for ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Checklist ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Curriculum ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents ; Treatment Outcome ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting meaning of life in adolescents. METHODS: Data were collected from April 5 to June 20, 2010. The participants for this study were 343 Korean middle and high school students, recruited from four middle and high schools located in Seoul. Data collection was conducted through the use of 7 questionnaires. The data were analyzed with the SPSS WIN 12.0 program using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. RESULTS: 1) The mean total item score for the meaning of life scales was 2.99, which was slightly high. 2) There was a significant relationship between meaning of life and self-esteem, self control, parenting attitude, family satisfaction, school adjustment, and career maturity. 3) Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that self-esteem, family satisfaction, school adjustment, parenting attitude and career maturity were predictors of meaning of life and accounted for 57.1% of the variance in meaning of life. CONCLUSION: Self-esteem, family satisfaction, school adjustment, parenting attitude and career maturity were variables influencing meaning of life in adolescents. These results indicate a need to develop nursing interventions to increase self-esteem, family satisfaction, school adjustment, parenting attitude and career maturity in order to improve meaning of life for adolescents.
Adolescent ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Parenting ; Parents ; Weights and Measures ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires