Autophagy is a dynamic process which subcellular membranes undergo morphological changes that lead to the degradation of cellular cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules.It is regulated by themammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) -dependent or -independent signaling pathways.It has been demonstrated that autophagy is induced or inhibited in various tumor cells,and it is closely related with cell survival and drug resistance.Because of the complex relationships with cell death,the roles of autophagy in cancer developnent,treatment,and drug-resistance are not the same,and thus controlling autophagy properly may become one of new means of cancer therapy.

As the main drug in colorectal cancer chemotherapy,oxaliplatin is gradually infiltrated into other malignancies therapy.But oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy limits its clinical application.The mechanisms of oxaliplatin neurotoxicity are not yet clear.Recent researches show that the acute neurotoxicity of oxaliplatin is mediated through changes in Na + transient conductances.And the function of the mitogen-activated protein kinases in chronic neuropathy has already been demonstrated in vitro.Furthermore,numerous indicators can be used to predict oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy,which bring the hope for improving the continuity of chemotherapy and realizing personalized medicine therapy.

In recent years,mTOR inhibitors such as temsirolimus and everolimus are considered to be effective as a new generation of anti-tumor agent.Their efficacies are proven by a number of clinical trials especially in the field of overcoming the drug resistance of tumor cells.But the optimal combination regimen of the mTOR inhibitors and other anti-tumor drugs is still to be validated.

Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) is the fourth largest cancer treatment after surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy,and it is the development direction of cancer treatment.It is a new type of immune cell,and it is named after natural killer cell samples T lymphocytes as it express CD3 and CD56.Currently,CIK treatment has a broader range of clinical applications,and it has achieved the better clinical efficacy in the blood system cancer and solid tumors,The CIK adoptive immunotherapy is considered to be a new hope for the anticancer treatment.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of adhesion molecules cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)and survivin protein in elderly patients with gastric cancer and their relationship with the pathological behavior and prognosis,MethodsImmunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of COX-2 and survivin protein in 60 cases of elderly patients with gastric carcinoma,30 cases of gastric epithelial dysplasia and 20 cases of normal gastric mucosa.The study was also combinedwith analysis of the pathological behavior and clinical follow-up survey of elderly patients with gastric carcinoma.ResultsThe positive expression rates of COX2 and survivin protein in elderly patients with gastric carcinoma were 63.3％(38/60) and 70.0％(42/60),respectively.The positive rates of COX-2 and survivin in elderly patients with gastric carcinoma were higher than that in epithelial dysplasia and normal gastric mucosa( P ＜0.05).The expression of COX-2 and survivin were closely related to the infiltration of serosa,metastasis of lymph node and prognosis of patients ( P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionThe expression of COX-2 and survivin are closely related to carcinogenesis,metastasis and survival time in elderly patients with gastric carcinoma.Detecting the expression of COX-2 and survivin may be prognostic indicators of elderly patients with gastric carcinoma.

Hepatocyte growth factor ( HGF),a multifunctional cytokine,plays a biological role through acting on the cell surface transmembrane receptor c-Met.The growth,invasion and metastasis of many tumors are associated with the abnormalities of HGF-c-Met signaling pathway.Studies found that HGF and its receptor c-Met have close relations with the occurrence,metastasis,invasion and prognosis of multiple myeloma.

Recent studies show that tumor cells get rid of the connections between cells,and induce tumor invasion and metastasis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).EMT becomes an important way to invasion,metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of epithelial cell carcinoma which accounting for more than 90％ of malignant carcinomas.Members of Snail family,especially Snail is regarded as important adjustment factor of EMT,which induce the transformation from epithelial cell to mesenchymal phenotype through competitive inhibition E-calcium protein gene expression.Many researches show that EMT exists widely in digestive system tumors,which is closly related to the invasion,metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of digestive system tumors.

As multidrug resistance related genes and cell factors are discovered one after another,people have a more thorough understanding to the oncological mechanisms of cancer metastasis.Many evidences of the inherent link between the two tips have been found.These researches provide new ideas to further clarify the regulation mechanisms between them.It is revealed that the inherent link maybe occur on the gene expression and transcription,and with complicated regulative factors.Indepth study of the relations between cancer multidrug resistance and metastasis will help to guide the clinical treatment of tumor.

Recent studies suggest that astrocyte elevated gene 1 ( AEG-1 ) is almost highly expressed in all types of malignant solid tumors and correlates with poor prognosis,which becomes a prognostic marker for many kinds of tumors.As a strongly basic protein,AEG-1 possesses a transmembrane domain and multiplenuclear localization signals.It is present in the cell membrane,cytoplasm and nucleus.As an oncogene,AEG-1 palys an important role in a virety of malignant biological behaviors of cancer,which range from cell proliferation,apoptosis,migration,adhesion,invasion to tumor angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance.Its critical role in tumor genesis and progression has made it a potential therapeutic target.

Cyclin E is expressed starting from the middle G1 phase of the cell cycle,and is accumulated in the G1/S boundry.Cyclin E binds to and activates the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2.Cyclin E-CDK2 complex initiates a cascade of events that leads to DNA replication by phosphorylating its substrates,such as Rb,CDC6,NPAT and P107,etc.Additionally,cyclin E plays an important role in the regulation of genomic stability,spindle-organizing structure and centrosome cycle.Cyclin E expression is trans-activated by members of the transcription factor E2F family and degrades via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.At the same time,it is also negatively regulated by the CIP/KIP proteins.Cyclin E highly expressed in the initiation and progression of different human cancers,such as breast cancers,lung cancers,leukemia,lymphomas and others.