Astrocyte elevated gene (AEG) -1 is cloned as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -1-inducible and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-inducible transcript in primary human fetal astrocytes (PHFA) by a rapid subtraction hybridization approach. AEG-1 has been reported to be up-regulated in various types of human cancers. Multivariate analyses indicat that AEG-1 correlates with the ability of growth, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance of tumors. AEG-1 over-expression activates the PI3K-Akt,nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathways in several crucial aspects of tumorprogression. AEG-1 represents a viable potential target for the therapy of human cancers.

Micrometastasis is small metastasis at the cellular and molecular level. Early detection of micrometasis through tumor markers can improve the accuracy of TNM staging, prognosis and subsequently treatment for lung cancer patients. Currently, a number of markers with good specificity and sensitivity have been found, including CK19 mRNA, Lunx mRNA, MUC1 mRNA and GPRP mRNA. These markers can be detected using methods such as RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are essential for establishing metastasis. Detecting CTCs can help clinicians detect early metastases or recurrences more effectively. Compared with traditional histological analyses and imaging, CTC detection has a much higher reproducibility and sensitivity and can provide more timely prognostic information in human breast cancer.

Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatments for glioma; however its therapeutic effect is unsatisfying. Timing, accurate target outlining, a total dose higher than 60Gy, conformal modulating radiotherapy and combined chemotherapy and targeted therapy are important factors in improving the outcome of radiotherapy.

Regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration is an important mechanism for inhibition of tumor immune microenvironment. Treg is highly expressed in peripheral blood and tumor tissue of various cancer patients. A high expression of Treg may inhibit the antitumor effect of CD4 + CD8 + T lymphocytes or induce immunological resistance to tumor antigens among cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL) without producing acute or memory CTL responses, resulting in tumor escape from immuneattack and immune suppressionin in the tumor microenvironment.

Current reseach of molecular targeted therapies in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck(SCCHN) is particularly active.As epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) signaling pathway and angiogenesis play a key role in the growth of SCCHN,EGFR with its downstream effectors and molecular factors implicated in the angiogenesis process,such as vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors,represent the main targets of new therapeutic agents now.

Objective To evaluate the positive effects of cisplatin on sensitivity of human glioma U251 to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand and to investigate the potential mechanism. Methods The expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in U251 which was transfected with pAdxsi-GFP-TRAIL was observed by inverted fluorescent microscope ×400) and to ascertain the MOI. The proliferation inhibition was studied by MTT method. Morphological change was detected through inverted florescent microscope and the Hoechst33342 staining assay was used to verify whether cell apoptosis could be induced or not. The cell apoptosis was also analyzed by flow cvtometry with propidium iodide staining. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was introduced to detect the mRNA expression of apoptosis related gene.Results The expression of TRAIL mRN A was significantly upregulated after transfection. Compared with treatment group of cisplatin and TRAIL alone, the proliferation of U2S1 was significantly inhibited in the cisplatin sensitizing TRAIL group (P < 0.05 ). Nuclear shrinkage and pyknosis fragmentation were observed by Hoechst 33342 staining assay; Apoptotic peak was detected from the results of flow cvtometry and there were significant differences between the sensitizing group and the other two groups ( P < 0.05 ) ; Moreover, the relatively high expression of TRAIL, DR5, caspaseS and down - regulated survivin genes were also observed. There was no significant changes in DR4 expression. Conclusion Cisplatin could extremely enhance the sensitivity of U251 cells to TRAIL And the potential mechanism may related to the increase of TRAIL, DRS, caspaseS genes while the reduction of surivivin gene.

Cancer cachexia is a common syndrome in advanced cancer patients.It is the interactive re-sult between tissue of tumor and organism.Tissue of tumor affects organism by producing cytokines and special tumor agents,meanwhile the reaction of acute phase and aeuroendocrine reaction happen in all over the body.Age,physical activity level and abnormal metabolism of muscle protein of patients are also correlated to cancer cachexia.Now clinical strategy to cancer cachexia is to improve symptoms of patients,such as anorexia,and So on.Along with elucidating the nosogenesis of cancer cachexia,the research of drugs having identified targets becomes focus.

Repeat cervical cytologic testing,human papillomavirus(HPV)testing and immediate colposcopy are currently the most general managements in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASCUS)result.However,the efficacy of these three methods is hampered by strong subjectivity,high false negative and positive rates.With the development of the aetiology of cervical cancer,there is good evidence that biomarkers for persistent HPV infection,HPV integration,instability of host genes and malignancy triage ASCUS more objectively and efficiently.The three-dimensional multiparameter biomarker-based detection may be the predominant method for the triage of women with abnormal cervical cancer screening result.

Aminopeptidase N,a zinc-dependent exopeptidase,is highly expressed in many kinds of tumors,which involves in the degradation of extracellular matrix barriers and angiogenesis and promotes the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells.Aminopeptidase N inhibitors can induce apoptosis and inhibit the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells,which has become an attractive target for anti-tumor therapy.