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No abstract available.
Glioblastoma* ; HIV* ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Alien Hand Syndrome* ; Emigrants and Immigrants* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Stroke*

No abstract available.
Immunoglobulins* ; Meningitis*

No abstract available.
Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome*

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Discrepancies between objectively measured sleep and subjective sleep perception in patients with insomnia have been reported. However, few studies have investigated sleep-state misperception in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We designed this study to 1) delineate the factors that could affect this discrepancy and 2) infer an underlying mechanism in patients with OSA. METHODS: We recruited patients who visited our sleep clinic for the evaluation of their snoring and/or observed OSA. Participants completed a structured questionnaire and underwent overnight polysomnography. On the following day, five sessions of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) were applied. We divided the patients into two groups: normal sleep perception and abnormal perception. The abnormal-perception group included patients whose perceived total sleep time was less than 80% of that measured in polysomnography. RESULTS: Fifty OSA patients were enrolled from a university hospital sleep clinic. Excessive daytime sleepiness, periodic limb movement index (PLMI), and the presence of dreaming were positively associated with poor sleep perception. REM sleep near the sleep termination exerted important effects. Respiratory disturbance parameters were not related to sleep perception. There was a prolongation in the sleep latency in the first session of the MSLT and we suspected that a delayed sleep phase occurred in poor-sleep perceivers. CONCLUSIONS: As an objectively good sleep does not match the subjective good-sleep perception in OSA, physicians should keep in mind that OSA patients who perceive that they have slept well does not mean that their OSA is less severe.
Dreams ; Extremities ; Humans ; Polysomnography* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sleep, REM ; Snoring

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common type of sporadic encephalitis worldwide, and it remains fatal even when optimal antiviral therapy is applied. There is only a weak consensus on the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with HSE. This study examined whether the radiological and electrophysiological findings have a prognostic value in patients with HSE. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were diagnosed with HSE by applying the polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid and who received intravenous acyclovir at our hospital from 2000 to 2014. We evaluated the clinical outcomes at 6 months after onset and their correlations with initial and clinical findings, including the volume of lesions on MRI, the severity of EEG findings, and the presence of epileptic seizures at the initial presentation. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled (18 men and 11 women). Univariate analysis revealed that the presence of severe EEG abnormality and epileptic seizures at the initial presentation were significant correlated with a poor clinical outcome at 6 months (p=0.005 and p=0.009, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the presence of severe EEG abnormality was the only independent predictor of a poor outcome at 6 months (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: In cases of HSE, the initial EEG severity and seizure presentation may be useful predictive factors for the outcome at 6 months after acyclovir treatment.
Acyclovir ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Consensus ; Electroencephalography* ; Encephalitis ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex* ; Epilepsy ; Herpes Simplex* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Simplexvirus

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple-system atrophy of the parkinsonian type (MSA-P) are progressive neurodegenerative disorders that in addition to dysfunction of the motor system also present with features of dysautonomia, frequently manifesting as orthostatic hypotension (OH). The pathophysiology of OH has been proposed to differ between these two disorders. This study investigated the spontaneous and cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in Parkinson's disease patients with orthostatic hypotension (PD(OH)) and multiple system atrophy of Parkinsonian type with orthostatic hypotension in an attempt to differentiate the two disorders. METHODS: Two methods were used for determining the BRS: a spontaneous method (spontaneous BRS) and the reflexive baroreflex gain (cardiovagal BRS) from phases II and IV of the Valsalva maneuver (VM) in PD(OH) and MSA-P(OH). RESULTS: The spontaneous BRS (5.04±0.66 ms/mm Hg vs. 4.78±0.64 ms/mm Hg, p=0.54) and the cardiovagal BRS from phase II of the VM (0.96±0.75 ms/mm Hg vs. 1.34±1.51 ms/mm Hg, p=0.76) did not differ between PD(OH) and MSA-P(OH), but the cardiovagal BRS from phase IV of the VM (0.03±0.07 ms/mm Hg vs. 2.86±2.39 ms/mm Hg, p=0.004) was significantly lower in PD(OH). CONCLUSIONS: The cardiovagal BRS from phase IV of the VM has potential for differentiating PD(OH) and MSA-P(OH), indicating a difference in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the autonomic dysfunction in the two disorders.
Atrophy* ; Baroreflex* ; Humans ; Hypotension, Orthostatic ; Multiple System Atrophy ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Parkinson Disease* ; Primary Dysautonomias ; Reflex ; Valsalva Maneuver