A study was performed to develop as a screening tool, the Simple Evaluation Questionnaire for screening Overweight Dietary Patterns in people in their 20's. We used the data from the 20 to 29 year old subjects who participated in the three surveys: the health behavior survey, the dietary habit survey and the food intake survey - as part of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of 1998. The 1,493 adults were classified into two body fatness groups, that of normal (including the underweight), and the overweight (including the obese) on the basis of their relative body weight (RBW). When comparing general variables between the two groups, significant differences (11 variables) were found in gender, sadness/depression state, stress level, age, number of diseases, age when overweightedness started, maximum body weight, sleep length, presently a smoker, everyday smoking habits, number of alcoholic drinks in the past month, and the number of alcoholic drinks when drunk, as well as snacking frequency and fatty food consumption. There were significant differences between the two groups in the three variables of daily soup/kuk, pan fried fish/meat/poultry and cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid in terms of cooked food intake, and 11 variables of food size, cooked rice, stews, vegetables and kimchi at breakfast, panfried foods and beverage/teas at lunch, cooked rice and stews (liquid) at dinner, cooked fish paste/ham/dried squid at snacks and cooked fishpaste/ham/dried squid at snack between lunch and dinner. In terms of raw food intake, we observed significant differences (8 variables) in daily food intake and grains, grains/vegetables/fishes (shellfish) at breakfast, meat at lunch and milk at snack after dinner. After developing questions with indicators and analyzing the indicators by logistic regression analysis using 34 variables, including these 33, plus eating-out frequency, we chose 10 questions for the simple evaluation of dietary patterns for the overweight category, in order to give each one point each. Among them we assigned an additional point to one question and two points to another question. The average scores of the overweight and normal groups, as shown by the questionnaire developed, were 5.97 +/- 2.36 and 7.36 +/- 2.21, respectively. A score of seven points was selected as the cut-off point. We examined the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the questionnaire to the results of 49.3%, 75.4% and 68.8%, respectively. The total score categorized as an overweight dietary pattern was 30.2%.
Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Alcoholics ; Body Weight ; Breakfast ; Edible Grain ; Decapodiformes ; Eating ; Food Habits ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Lunch ; Mass Screening* ; Meals ; Meat ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys ; Overweight* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Snacks ; Vegetables ; Young Adult* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The health-related habits dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Cheongju were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire from August to September in 1996. The responses of 169 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 91, female 78) were analyzed. Thirty-six percent of the subjects smoked currently, 33%, drank alcoholic beverages, and 52% exercise regularly. Exercise was mostly in the from of walking for 1/2-1 hour. Significantly higher proportions of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on a 5-point scale, and the consumption scores were compared with groups according to sex, age, smoking, drinking, and exercise habits. The elderly who exercised regularly got significantly higher scores in their calcium intakes and the variety of the 6 food groups than the elderly who did not exercise. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 81.9% and 72.8% of the RDAs, respectively. The proportions of the elderly consuming less than 75% of RDAs of vitamin A and calcium were 96.5% and 91.1% of the total subjects, respectively. Higher educational status, more pocket money and regular exercise had positive effects on nutrient intakes, while smoking and drinking among females, but not males, had negative effects. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, intake of vitamin A-and calcium-rich food such as milk with regular exercise should be emphasized on the education program.
Aged* ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholic Beverages ; Calcium ; Chungcheongbuk-do* ; Drinking ; Education ; Educational Status ; Female ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Nutritional Status* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamin A ; Vitamins ; Walking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The investigation of systolic time intervals and hemodynamics was performed in 42 patients with liver cirrhosis by noninvascive methods. The patients were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of anemia and/or ascites: i.e. group I; cirrhosis without anemia and ascites, group II; cirrhosis with ascites only, group III; cirrhosis with anemia only, and group IV; cirrhosis with ascites and anemia. In the resting state of the patients, the systolic time intervals and hemodynamic data were measured by the high speed simultaneous recordings of electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid and femoral arterial pulse tracings, and compared with those obtained from 155 normal adult subjects. 1. The pulse were increased considerably in group IV, and diastolic blood pressure was elevated in group II with significance. 2. The stroke volume and cardiac output were increased significantly in group III. 3. The peripheral resistance was reduced particularly in group III, and the volume elasticit coefficient was decreased in group IV. 4. The QS1 interval was prolonged significantly in group II and IV, but QS1 interval corrected by multiple regression equation proposed by our laboratory (illustrated in the text) did not show significant difference compared with that of normal subjects. 5. The left ventricular ejection time(LVET) and total electromechanical systole(QS 2) appeared to be shortened in group II and IV, but the corrected LVET and QS 2 were not different significantly from those of the normal subjects
Adult ; Anemia ; Ascites ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Electrocardiography ; Fibrosis ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver* ; Stroke Volume ; Systole ; Vascular Resistance

The investigation of systolic time intervals and hemodynamics was performed in 42 patients with liver cirrhosis by noninvascive methods. The patients were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of anemia and/or ascites: i.e. group I; cirrhosis without anemia and ascites, group II; cirrhosis with ascites only, group III; cirrhosis with anemia only, and group IV; cirrhosis with ascites and anemia. In the resting state of the patients, the systolic time intervals and hemodynamic data were measured by the high speed simultaneous recordings of electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid and femoral arterial pulse tracings, and compared with those obtained from 155 normal adult subjects. 1. The pulse were increased considerably in group IV, and diastolic blood pressure was elevated in group II with significance. 2. The stroke volume and cardiac output were increased significantly in group III. 3. The peripheral resistance was reduced particularly in group III, and the volume elasticit coefficient was decreased in group IV. 4. The QS1 interval was prolonged significantly in group II and IV, but QS1 interval corrected by multiple regression equation proposed by our laboratory (illustrated in the text) did not show significant difference compared with that of normal subjects. 5. The left ventricular ejection time(LVET) and total electromechanical systole(QS 2) appeared to be shortened in group II and IV, but the corrected LVET and QS 2 were not different significantly from those of the normal subjects
Adult ; Anemia ; Ascites ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Electrocardiography ; Fibrosis ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver* ; Stroke Volume ; Systole ; Vascular Resistance

This study investigated the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the nutritional iron status of 31 adolescent girls, aged 12-15 years, with low hemoglobin levels. They were randomly divided into four groups, and for two groups daily150 mg or 900 mg of L-ascorbic acid(AsA) was given in three equal doses at three meals during 9 weeks. To another group daily 60 mg iron as ferrous sulfate was given in the same way as AsA. The control group was given sugar placebo. Body iron status was monitored through the determination of Hb, Hct, MCHC, and serum ferritin concentrations. Dietary AsA and iron intakes were measured from food consumption surveys performed by 3-day 24-hour recalls. The amount of absorbed iron was estimated from the model of Monsen et al. The average amounts of food iron for four groups were 12.3- 15.0 mg and 11.1 - 18.9 mg at initial and at final period of the supplementation trial, respectively. The tentatively estimated amount of absorbed iron was significantly increased in the 900 mg AsA and iron supplementing groups, but not in the 150 mg AsA and placebo groups. Both Hb and MCHC were improved to above normal levels in all groups except the placebo group. Hct was elevated only in the AsA 900 mg group whose Hct was relatively lower than the other groups. Serum ferritin concentrations of the four groups, which were as low as 8.50 - 14.39ng/mL on average at the intial periods, augmented significantly to 20.18ng/mL and 26.63ng/mL in the 900 mg AsA and iron groups, respectively. Serum ferritin was not elevated in either the AsA 300 mg group or the placebo group. The above data indicated that the daily supplementaion of 150 mg AsA to the meals containing 12-15 mg iron per day promoted Hb levels of adolescent girls with low Hb, and the 900 mg AsA supplementing improved not only Hb level but also body iron store. A supplementation of 60 mg iron per day appeared to be slightly more effective in improving the iron status in comparison to the 900 mg AsA supplement.
Adolescent* ; Ascorbic Acid* ; Female* ; Ferritins ; Humans ; Iron* ; Meals ; Vitamins*

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition education about the Korean food guide to middle school students on food intake measured by food frequency. Three hundred first graders were sampled from two coeducational middle schools located in the small city of Chungnam area, and divided into 167 (74 boys, 93 girls) education groups of one school and 133 (70 boys, 63 girls) non education groups of the other school. Nutrition education was given to the education group for a total of 16 hours and no education to the non education group during the same period. After education, average nutrition knowledge scores of education group increased from 6.40 +/- 2.17 to 6.81 +/- 1.56 significantly, especially boys with a high range of increase and girls no increase. Dietary habit scores improved significantly from 46.2 +/- 6.5 to 49.1 +/- 6.2 in both boys and girls of education group. Of the knowledge and dietary habits, ability of choosing a balanced meal, biased eating to some food, and taking diverse foods at every meal improved significantly in education group. In non education group no significant increases of either nutrition knowledge scores and dietary habit scores were shown. In addition education group showed significant increases after education, in the intake frequencies of rice noodle loaf bread, kimchi, green and yellow vegetables, and soybean soybean curds by 0.27, 0.23, 0.40 and 0.32 servings per day, compared with non education group. These changes were greater in girls than in boys. According to these results, it can be concluded that nutrition education about the Korean food guide improved effectively not only student's nutrition knowledge and dietary habits, but also healthy food intake ability. It is necessary to prepare long-term and continuous school-based nutrition education programs for the students to get into a habit of healthy food intake.
Adolescent* ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Bread ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Eating* ; Education* ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Meals ; Soybeans ; Vegetables

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged 29.2 +/- 3.4 years and their infants aged 8.2 +/- 3.2 months. Body mass index of the subjects was 21.0 +/- 3.2. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was 1953 +/- 391 kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.77 +/- 0.14 and was higher in FF (0.86 +/- 0.13) than in BF (0.76 +/- 0.11) and MF (0.72 +/- 0.18). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (> or = 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.
Aged ; Ascorbic Acid ; Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Breast Feeding ; Calcium ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Fabaceae ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Fishes ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Infant ; Meals ; Milk ; Mothers ; Nutritional Status ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Riboflavin ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A

A study about the satisfaction of school lunch program was performed to 591 students and 541 parents in 5 middle schools by FS management system. The FS systems of the participating schools were 3 type of self-operating/traditional, self-operating/commissary and catering/delivery systems. Most joyful mealtime to students were identified as lunch because of eating with friends. Satiety after school lunch and leftover were different by FS system, such as adquate satiety greater in self-operating one and leftover food more in catering one than in the others. Foods tasted better in self-operating system than in catering one. The later was very poor for keeping soup hot and found more salty, more sweet and hotter than home meal. Students showed no difference in nutrition education but agreed greater to learning etiquette and to habit of various foods in self-operating system than in catering one. Students concluded they prefered school lunches to home-prepared lunches. Less work to prepare lunches home, better taste and nutrition, same meals to all students and nurition education were main reasons for parent to need school lunch program and they showed higher satisfaction of present school FS in self-operating system than in catering one. Parents claimed hygiene, taste, nutrition, nutrition education, food amount and service should be improved, especially in case of catering system and stressed on hygiene as the most important criteria for good school FS Management. They supported strongly school lunch program to coninue and prefered self-operating system than the others.
Eating ; Education ; Friends ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Learning ; Lunch* ; Meals ; Parents

PURPOSE: Some authors noted unilateral testicular torsion often leading to a damage in the contralateral testis. But it is not known whether this is the result of an intrinsic abnormality in the remaining testis or testicular injury associated with the ischemic event. Recently some authors noted an increase in germ cell apoptosis in the contralateral testis and suggested the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the apoptosis of germ cells. We aimed at the NO involvement in testicular torsion in this study, in which we measured inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions and found pathological changes in the torsed and detorsed testes of the rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: I) unilateral left testicular torsion persisting for 1, 4, 8 hours. II) torsion for 4 or 8 hours followed by detorsion. Testes were fixed in scrotal wall with a suture. Testes were fixed in formalin solution and prepared in paraffin blocks and slide mounted. All histologic examinations were done by a single observer. The expression of iNOS gene in the testis was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and relative iNOS mRNA levels were assessed with normalization to beta-actin mRNA levels. RESULTS: Histologically, the degeneration and inflammation were found in 4 hours after torsion and the necrosis was found in 8 hours after torsion. In contralateral testis, normal findings were noted in 4 hours and 8 hours after torsion. iNOS gene expression was found in the normal control testis. In the torsed testis, iNOS gene expression significantly increased in 1 hour after torsion, then decreased to the control level. In contralateral testis, iNOS gene expression was also increased in 1 hour to 8 hours after torsion. After detorsion, iNOS gene expression significantly decreased in detorsed testis, but constantly increased in contralateral testis. CONCLUSIONS: In rats, iNOS gene expression and histological changes were observed in torsed and detorsed testes. These results support the hypothesis that NO by iNOS protein may play a role in contralateral testicular damage, such as ischemic-reperfusion injury.
Actins ; Adult ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Formaldehyde ; Gene Expression ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Male ; Necrosis ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; Paraffin ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; Sutures ; Testis*

Chronic actinic dermatitis was recently proposed as a syndrome including photosensitive eczema, photosensitivity dermatitis, actinic reticuloid, and persistent light reactivity. It is defined on the basis of 3 criteria, including clinically persistent eczematous eruption on sun-exposed skin, histologically consistent with chronic eczema, and photobiologically decreased MED to UVB. We report herein a 61-year-old man presented with 2-year history of erythematous to brownish lichenified papules and plaques on sun-exposed areas and shown decreased minimal erythema doses to both UVB and UVA. Biopsy specimen showed consistent with chronic eczema. He was treated with topical therapies of topical steroids and intralesional injection of triamcinolone, and oral anti-histamine, with avoidance of exposure to sun.
Biopsy ; Eczema ; Erythema ; Humans ; Injections, Intralesional ; Middle Aged ; Photosensitivity Disorders* ; Skin ; Solar System ; Steroids ; Triamcinolone