Advances in gray scale ultrasonography have increased the usefulness of their modality in the clinical diagnostic method. Major improvements in the image resolution have greatly increased the diagnostic value of renal ultrasonography. The non-invasive and safe nature of ultrasound makes this technique ideal for accurate and quick evaluation. It has been well known facts that it is very difficult to obtain precise size, shape parenchymal thickness of the kidneys by conventional radiological techniques such as retrograde pyelography, antegrade percutaneous pyelography or arteriography and also the techniques are invasive to patients comparatively. Because of its simplicity, innocuousness and accurateness, diagnostic ultrasound is quite useful in the evaluation of functionally inactive kidney and should precede or be substitute for other aggressive technique. In those kidneys which remain unseen even after massive dose of dye, the ultrasound scan should be used before retrograde ureteral catheterization is undertaken. The author measured the size of kidney longitudinally, transversely and in thickness by ultrasonogram and compared with that of excretory urogram in 60 normal healthy persons and 32 cases of hydronephrosis. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The length of right kidney on ultrasonogram (11.4+/-0.55 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram (12.2+/-0.45 cm) and the difference was 0.8 cm (t value: 2.21, p<0.02), and the length of left kidney on ultrasonogram (11.9+/-0.42 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram (12.6+/-0.78 cm) and the difference was 0.7 cm (t value: 2.43. p<0.02). The width of right kidney on ultrasonogram (5.4+/-0.57 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram (6.3+/-0.61 cm) and the difference was 0.9 cm (t value: 1.75, p<0.1) and the width of left kidney on ultrasonogram (5.6+/-0.58 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram (6.3+/-0.49 cm) and the difference was 0.7 cm (t value: 1.82, p<0.1). The parenchymal depth of right kidney on ultrasonogram (2.2+/-0.48 cm) was larger than on excretory urogram (2.1+/-0.56 cm) and the difference was 0.1 cm (t value: 2.89, p<0.001), and the parenchymal depth of left kidney on ultrasonogram (2.1+/-0.54 cm) was alike on excretory urogram (2.1+/-0.57 cm) and there was no difference (t value: 2.31, p<0.05). 2. Among the 32 cases of hydronephrosis. 17 cases of hydronephrosis could be diagnosed by excretory urogram. In mild hydronephrosis, the length of kidney on ultrasonogram (12.2+/-0.56 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram (12.8+/-0.46 cm) and the difference was 0.6 cm, the width of kidney on ultrasonogram (6.1+/-0.27 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram (6.4+/-0.38 cm) and the difference was 0.3 cm, and the parenchymal depth of kidney on ultrasonogram (2.1+/-0.34 cm) was alike on excretory urogram (2.1+/-0.49 cm) and there no difference. In moderate hydronephrosis, the length of kidney on ultrasonogram(13.5+/-0.47 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram(14.2+/-0.67 cm)and the difference was 0.7cm, the width of kidneys no ultrasonogram(7.2+/-0.58 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram(7.8+/-0.73 cm) and the difference was 0.6cm, and the parenchymal depth of kidney on ultrasonogram(1.2+/-0.57 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram(1.47+/-0.27 cm)and the difference was 0.2 cm. In severe hydronephrosis, the length of kidney on ultrasonogram(15.7+/-0.39 cm)was smaller than on excretory urogram(16.6+/-0.53 cm) and the difference was 0.9cm, the width of kidney on ultrasonogram(8.8+/-0.46 cm) was smaller than on excretory urogram(9.5+/-0.48 cm)and the difference was 0.7 cm, and the parenchymal depth of kidney on ultrasonogram was 0.7+/-0.27 cm but could not be measured on excretory urogram. 3. Among 32 cases of hydronephrosis,15 cases of hydronephrosis were non-visualized kidney on excretory urogram. On them, the renal sized and parenchymal depth were measured accurately by ultrasonography. By reviewing the above results, the ultrasonography of kidney is useful in measurement of kidney size and can be substitute for invasive uroradiological methods in evaluation of patients with hydronephrosis.
Adult* ; Angiography ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Kidney* ; Ultrasonography* ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters ; Urography

Cholesteatoma is a form of squamous metaplasia resulting in a collection of desquamated epithelium Cholesteatomas are commonly found in the ear, brain and less often in the intestinal tract, genitalia, skin and eye. They occur rarely in the urinary tract. Cholesteatoma of renal pelvis was first described by Rokitansky in 1861. Since then total 23 cases have been reported until now. The authors experienced the cholesteatoma of the renal pelvis incidentally in 11 years old male patient who had been chronically suffered from intermittent pair in the right upper quadrant, and report the case with review of the literatures.
Brain ; Child ; Cholesteatoma* ; Ear ; Epithelium ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Kidney Pelvis* ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Skin ; Urinary Tract

Recently the scrotal diseases have been tended toward increment and take a important share in urologic disease entities. The reasons of them are thought for early reconstruction of the scrotal disease, increase of the diseases that need catheter indwelling and inclination of the scrotal injury by accident. Also up-to-date mass vasectomy have been performed for family planning, the scrotal complications have been increased. So authors report a clinical observation was made on 171 cases with scrotal disease who had been admitted to Department of Urology. E.W.U.H., Seoul, Korea, during the period from Apr. 1, 1976 through Mar. 1, 1981. The results were as follows; 1. Among 1025 cases of in-patients for past 5 years, 171 cases belong to scrotal disease giving a rate of 16.7%. 2. The most common population was 1-10 years of age giving a rate of 31.5%. 3. The most common disease was hydrocele giving a rate of 29.2%. The cryptorchism was 21%, epididymitis 15.8%, vasectomy complication 9.9%, scrotal injury 5%, sterility 4.7% and others 14.3%. 4. Of 171 cases, operation was performed in 152 cases (88.9%). 5. Most common operation was hydrocelectomy (27%), orchiopexy (19.1%), epididymectomy (9.9%) and incision and drainage (7.3%) in order.
Catheters ; Cryptorchidism ; Drainage ; Epididymitis ; Family Planning Services ; Infertility ; Korea ; Male ; Orchiopexy ; Scrotum ; Seoul ; Urologic Diseases ; Urology ; Vasectomy

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We compared the accuracy in the diagnosis of hepatic masses such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastasis and hemangioma using enhancing pattern alone with using additional findings, and determined whether the additional findings could improve the diagnostic accuracy. METHODS/MATERIALS: Triphasic spiral CT images were retrospectively analyzed in 83 cases of hepatic lesions,' 40 HCC, 21 metastases, and 22 hemangiomas. Three observers made the diagnosis first by the enhancement pattern of the mass alone, and then, by the whole information. The diagnosis of a lesion was considered correct if the lesion was correctly categorized by at least two observers. Diagnostic accuracies of two sessions were compared with McNemar test. RESULTS: Using enhancing patterns alone, 31/40 HCC (78%), 8/21 metastases (38%), 21/22 hemangiomas (95%) were correctly diagnosed. The frequency of correct diagnosis was significantly improved when all images with additional findings were used: 36/40 (90%) HCC, 20/21 (95%) metastases, 22/22 (100%) hemangiomas (P=0.00006). Metastasis showed most prominent and statistically significant improvement in the diagnostic accuracy (P=0.0004). The number of correct diagnoses for HCC increased without statistical significance (P=0.17). However, the images with additional findings did not significantly contribute to the diagnosis of hemangiomas. The additional finidngs those led to correct diagnosis of metastases were multiple mass (7 cases), coexistence of primary malignancy (6 cases), and metastasis to other organ (1 case). The findings of liver cirrhosis were helpful to diagnose HCC correctly in 5 cases. CONCLUSION: The enhancing pattems of tumors were important in the diagnosis of hepatic masses in spiral CT. However, the additional finidngs were also helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic masses especially for the masses with atypical enhancement pattern. In metastases, the additional findings such as multiple masses or detection of primary malignant focus were useful to diagnose correctly.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Diagnosis ; Hemangioma ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Spiral Computed*

The horseshoe Kidney is probably the most common of all renal fusion anomalies which often accompanies vascular anomalies and obstructive complications. Good post-operative results will be assumed with careful attention to the anatomy, vasculatures and drainge from renal pelvis at the time of operation. A 33 year old male was found to have horseshoe kidney with multiple renal stones, hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis. Through IVP, RGP, ultrasonogram, renal scan and renal angiography, the diagnosis was made. This is a report of the good results gained by isthmectomy, partial nephrectomy, ureterolysis and nephropexy.It was compared with several literature reviews.
Adult ; Angiography ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Kidney Pelvis ; Kidney* ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Pyelonephritis ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma ; Cervix Uteri* ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; Female

True hermaphroditism in which both ovarian and testicular tissues are present in same individual is a rare abnormality. Abnormal differentiation of external and internal genitalia is also observed. A total of 30O cases found in the literature by Niekerk, V.A. During exp1oratory surgery, testicular as well as ovarian tissues are found generally. Authors experienced one case of true hermaphroditism who had an ovotestis on the right gonad an ovary on the left with a karyotype of 46, XX and report this case with the review of literatures.
Disorders of Sex Development ; Female ; Genitalia ; Gonads ; Karyotype ; Ovary ; Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development*

This study was to investigate the effect of the education about general nutrition knowledge on the acceptance of TV food advertisements in adolescents. Twenty hours of nutrition related education in home economics classes were done during 3 months, to conveniently selected 784 first grade middle school students living in large and small cities and rural areas of Chungnam Province. The education effects were evaluated through questionnaire surveys before and after the education and their comparative analysis. Average TV watching time was 2.92 +/- 1.66 hours per day, which was about one hour longer on weekends. Nearly half of the subjects watched TV mainly after 9 PM. After nutrition education, nutrition knowledge scores of total subjects were significantly increased from 7.73 +/- 2.16 to 10.25 +/- 2.51 with a full score of 16. Food attitude and food habit scores also significantly increased from 32.45 +/- 4.65 (full score 50) to 33.93 +/- 4.68 and from 36.20 +/- 5.70 to 37.29 +/- 5.87, respectively. The general acceptance of TV food advertisements scored 25.25 +/- 4.44 (full score 40) before education and 26.90 +/- 4.55 after education, which was significantly raised by the education. Acceptance scores of TV food advertisements showed significant positive relationships with the scores of nutrition knowledge, food attitudes, and food habits. In addition, TV watching time had negative relationships with nutrition knowledge, food attitudes, and food habits scores, but not with acceptance score of TV food advertisements. The above results suggested that school-based nutrition education improved slightly but significantly the attitude of accepting TV food advertisements maybe through increasing nutrition knowledge and making food attitudes and habits better. Nutrition education focused on the evaluation and acceptance of food advertisements are further needed to improve the TV food advertisement acceptance of adolescents.
Adolescent ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Education* ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the application of the Problem-Based Learning(PBL) in nursing with regard to the learning process and learning outcomes. METHOD: PBL modules were provided to the students so that they could identify the nursing problems related to nutrition, regulation, and elimination, and implement appropriate nursing interventions according to the problems. PBL was also used to develop ability to use self-evaluation for nursing intervention outcomes. The modules were developed by the authors for the course, Nursing 1(3 credits) at Y university, and used during one semester, March to June 2003. Evaluation of the learning process and learning outcomes was done by self-report questionnaires and a semi-structured self-report developed by the authors. RESULT: The PBL evaluation included role of the facilitators, group work process, and self-directed learning attitude. The students evaluated the facilitator's role positively in fostering positive interactions and cooperative study among students and stimulating students to apply various problem-solving strategies. Students evaluated their own group work performances as a good opportunity to improve their group work participation, contribution, cooperation, and leadership through the PBL session. Their responsibility for their own learning and develop self-directed learning attitudes to connect present learning to long-term goals. CONCLUSION: Critical thinking, problem solving skills, self-directed learning and group work accomplishments in undergraduate student nurses were fostered and improved through the PBL program.
Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Foster Home Care ; Humans ; Leadership ; Learning ; Nursing* ; Problem Solving ; Problem-Based Learning* ; Thinking ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility and the short- and mid-term follow-up outcomes of endovascular stent-graft implantation in patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with Stanford type B aortic dissection were evaluated. An aortogram was performed immediately after the procedure and a follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan was performed within one week, between 3 and 6 months, and annually thereafter. Clinical status was also evaluated at the same time. RESULTS: Endovascular stent-graft implantation at the target site was successful in 27 patients (96.4%). There were primary endoleaks in 6 patients and one case of procedure failure owing to migration of the stent-graft; and no procedure-related mortality. The number of patients with early complications requiring treatment was 2 (2/27, 4%). Fourteen patients experienced postimplantation syndrome (14/27, 52%). The average follow-up period was 22.1+/-17.5 months. Complete resolution or thrombosis of the false lumen was achieved in 14 patients and partial thrombosis was achieved in 10 patients. Operative treatments were required in three patients due to a progressing dissection or new dissection. There were no deaths and no instances of aneurysm or aortic rupture during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stent-graft implantation for Stanford type B aortic dissection is a feasible, safe, and effective treatment modality. All patients who underwent surgery had a persisting leak. Therefore, regular evaluation of the aortic dissection and management of endoleaks were crucial for a favorable outcome in endovascular stent-graft implantation for a Stanford type B aortic dissection.
Aneurysm ; Aortic Rupture ; Endoleak ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Thrombosis