Recent advances in the understanding of the biology of Hodgkin lymphoma have led to a new classification. Hodgkin lymphoma is now recognized as a B-cell disorder of germinal center or post-germinal center origin. In the WHO classification, Hodgkin lymphoma consists of two categories, namely, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Classical Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses not only nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion subtypes, but also lymphocyte-rich subtype, among which, nodular sclerosis stands out as a distinct entity. A borderline neoplasm with features intermediate between Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has also been recognized.
B-Lymphocytes ; Biology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Germinal Center ; Hodgkin Disease ; Lymphocyte Depletion ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Sclerosis

Malignant lymphoma encompasses a wide variety of distinct disease entities. It is generally more common in developed countries and less common in developing countries. The East Asia region has one of the lowest incidence rates of malignant lymphoma. The incidence of malignant lymphoma around the world has been increasing at a rate of 3-4% over the last 4 decades, while some stabilization has been observed in developed countries in recent years. The reasons behind this lymphoma epidemic are poorly understood, although improving diagnostic accuracy, the recent AIDS epidemic, an aging world population and the increasing adoption of cancer-causing behaviors are suggested as contributing factors. Etiologies of malignant lymphoma include infectious agents, immunodeficiency, autoimmune disease, exposure to certain organic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The distribution of many subtypes exhibit marked geographic variations. Compared to the West, T/natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas (T/NK-cell lymphoma) and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) are relatively more common, whereas other B-cell lymphomas, particularly follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, are less common in Asia. Some subtypes of T/NK-cell lymphomas defined by Epstein-Barr virus association are predominantly Asian diseases, if not exclusively so. Both ethnic and environmental factors play roles in such diversity. In this review, we discuss the geographic distribution and etiology of malignant lymphoma, as well as the trend.
Adoption ; Aging ; Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Far East ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; Lymphoma, Follicular ; Organic Chemicals

No abstract available.
Primary Myelofibrosis

No abstract available.
Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia*

No abstract available.
Duodenum* ; Lymphoma, Follicular*

PURPOSE: It is well recognized that apoptosis is important in embryonic development, homeostatic control of normal tissues, carcinogenesis, tumor development and cancer therapy. Several papers have been reported the phenomenon of radiation-induced apoptosis and suggested its potential relevance to cancer radiotherapy. It has been shown that apoptosis is regulated by various cytokines. But the relationship between radiation induced apoptosis and cytokines have not fully understood in detail, yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we performed to determine the role of cytokine in the radiation -induced apoptosis of rat's small intestine. The rats were divided into 6 groups according to the sacrifice day (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14 days) after whole body irradiation with single dose of 8 Gy. RESULTS: Radiation induced intestinal damage was noted from first day of radiation and the most active regeneration was seen in the groups of 5 days after radiation. Abundant apoptosis were observed in damaged crypts of small intestine 1 day after radiation. Afterwards, the number of apoptosis was gradually diminished, but the second peak of apoptosis was noted in 5 days after radiation. On immunohistochemical study, IL-1, and TNF were expressed 1 day after radiation, but not expressed after that. IL-6 was expressed with strong positivity in 1, 3 days after radiation. CONCLUSION: A apoptosis seems to be the important mechanism of radiation induced small intestinal damage, and is possibly induced by the release of cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF, in view the simultaneously increased appearance of apoptosis and cytokines. The second peak of increased apoptosis is thought to be related to remodeling of active regenerative activity, and it is not associated with cytokine expression.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Carcinogenesis ; Cytokines* ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; Intestine, Small* ; Pregnancy ; Radiotherapy ; Rats* ; Regeneration ; Whole-Body Irradiation

No abstract available.
Lymphoma, Follicular*

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)-positive large B-cell neoplasm that presents as an effusion with no detectable tumor in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection or other immune deficiencies. PEL is an aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis. PEL cells show diverse morphologies, ranging from immunoblastic or plasmablastic to anaplastic. The immunophenotype of PEL is distinct, but its lineage can be misdiagnosed if not assessed thoroughly. PEL cells usually express CD45, lack B- and T-cell-associated antigens, and characteristically express lymphocyte activation antigens and plasma cell-associated antigens. Diagnosis of PEL often requires the demonstration of a B-cell genotype. HHV8 must be detected in cells to diagnose PEL. In most cases, PEL cells also harbor the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome. Similar conditions associated with HHV8 but not effusion-based are called "extracavitary PELs." PELs should be differentiated from HHV8-negative, EBV-positive, body cavity-based lymphomas in patients with long-standing chronic inflammation; the latter can occur in tuberculous pleuritis, artificial pneumothorax, chronic liver disease and various other conditions. Despite their morphological similarity, these various lymphomas require different therapeutic strategies and have different prognostic implications. Correct diagnosis is essential to manage and predict the outcome of patients with PEL and related disorders.
B-Lymphocytes ; Diagnosis ; Genome ; Genotype ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; HIV ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Liver Diseases ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphoma* ; Lymphoma, Primary Effusion* ; Plasma ; Pleurisy ; Pneumothorax, Artificial ; Prognosis

No abstract available.
Dendritic Cells*

No abstract available.
Amyloidosis* ; Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic* ; Splenic Rupture*