OBJECTIVE: Individuals with dyslexia experience reading difficulties, whereas their other cognitive abilities seem normal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the event-related potential (ERP) patterns of children with dyslexia during a target-detection task. METHODS: Seventeen children with dyslexia and 18 children without this disorder participated in this study. We evaluated their writing and reading ability, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and intelligence quotient. ERPs were recorded while participants performed a target-detection task, and the peak amplitude and latency of P100 and P300 were analyzed. The lateral asymmetry index (LAI) was calculated for each ERP component. RESULTS: The dyslexic group exhibited longer reaction times and larger P100 amplitudes than the non-dyslexic group in the right hemisphere. The P100 latency was also significantly delayed in the right hemisphere of those in the dyslexic group compared with those in the non-dyslexic group. The P300 amplitude was larger in the right hemisphere compared with left hemisphere in the dyslexic group, whereas no interhemispheric differences were observed with respect to the P300 latency. The LAI for P100 showed a significant right hemispheric dominance, whereas the LAI for P100 was significantly correlated with the accuracy of target detection in children with dyslexia. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that right hemispheric dominance acts as an ancillary system that compensates for poor reading in children with dyslexia.
Child* ; Dyslexia* ; Evoked Potentials* ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Reaction Time ; Reading ; Writing

There have been many reports regarding complications associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) and it may be true that there are many unrevealed complications. Although it is used to say that 'any CPR is better than no CPR', inadvertent or inadequate CPR may insult in serious organ injury. This report describes a 64-year-old woman who suffered Mallory-Weiss tear resulting from inadvertent cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a bystander who had never been trained. Possible mechanisms of gastric injuries caused by CPR are suggested, and importance of adequate CPR training are emphasized in this report.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Female ; Humans ; Mallory-Weiss Syndrome* ; Middle Aged

This study was carried out to investigate an enhancing effect of black ginseng extract (BGE) on exercise capacity in an endurance exercising animal model. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 experimental groups including non-training control, training control, and 3 treated groups (BGE at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). The animals were treated with BGE for 6 weeks and their exercise ability in the maximal running distance test was determined using a treadmill every week. The blood lactic acid (LA) level and the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in the muscle were also measured after the exercise. The levels of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in the liver and muscle were determined using commercial assay kits. BGE treatments at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly increased the exercise capacity compared with the non-training control or training control groups (P<0.05). The level of blood LA was decreased but the activity of CS was increased by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg compared with the training control group. The level of G-6-P in the liver was elevated by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg, compared to the training group. As compared with non-training control group, the treatments of BGE increased the levels of glucose and G-6-P in the liver and soleus muscle of rats. These results indicate that BGE have a potential for promoting exercise capacity by increasing CS activity in the muscle and decreasing LA in the serum of rats. These results also suggested that BGE can be used as a candidate supplement of health food products for promoting endurance exercise capacity in human athletes.
Animals ; Athletes ; Citrate (si)-Synthase ; Exercise ; Glucose ; Glucose-6-Phosphate ; Food, Organic ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Liver ; Models, Animal ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Panax ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Running

This study was carried out to investigate an enhancing effect of black ginseng extract (BGE) on exercise capacity in an endurance exercising animal model. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 experimental groups including non-training control, training control, and 3 treated groups (BGE at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). The animals were treated with BGE for 6 weeks and their exercise ability in the maximal running distance test was determined using a treadmill every week. The blood lactic acid (LA) level and the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in the muscle were also measured after the exercise. The levels of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in the liver and muscle were determined using commercial assay kits. BGE treatments at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly increased the exercise capacity compared with the non-training control or training control groups (P<0.05). The level of blood LA was decreased but the activity of CS was increased by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg compared with the training control group. The level of G-6-P in the liver was elevated by the treatment of BGE at the dose of 300 mg/kg, compared to the training group. As compared with non-training control group, the treatments of BGE increased the levels of glucose and G-6-P in the liver and soleus muscle of rats. These results indicate that BGE have a potential for promoting exercise capacity by increasing CS activity in the muscle and decreasing LA in the serum of rats. These results also suggested that BGE can be used as a candidate supplement of health food products for promoting endurance exercise capacity in human athletes.
Animals ; Athletes ; Citrate (si)-Synthase ; Exercise ; Glucose ; Glucose-6-Phosphate ; Food, Organic ; Humans ; Lactic Acid ; Liver ; Models, Animal ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Panax ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Running

The tumorous type of endobronchial tuberculosis was reported to be 5 to 10% in the bronchoscopic examination. It was protruding mass that tuberculous mediastinal lymph node ruptured into the bronchial lumen. Generally histologic examination has been performed for purpose of differentiation, because the tumorous type of endobronchial tuberculosis simulate lung cancer in bronchoscopic finding. A case considering operation similar to bronchial adenoma in the bronchoscopic finding was confirmed to endobronchial tuberculosis by positive AFB and disapperance of mass after antituberculosis medication. Case history was presented and reviewed.
Adenoma* ; Bronchoscopy ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymph Nodes ; Tuberculosis*

We report a case of primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in the esophagus that manifested as a large submucosal tumor (SMT). Primary esophageal lymphoma is very rare, occurring in less than 1% of all patients with gastrointestinal lymphoma. Only a few cases of MALT lymphoma in the esophagus have been reported in the English literature. A 53-year-old man was referred to Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (Goyang, Korea) in July 2012 for further evaluation and treatment of an esophageal SMT. Endoscopy showed a cylindrically elongated submucosal mass with normal overlying mucosa in the mid esophagus, 25-30 cm from the incisor teeth. He underwent surgery to confirm the diagnosis. Pathologic findings showed diffuse small atypical lymphoid cells which were stained with Bcl-2, CD20, but not with CD3, CD5, CD23, Bcl-6, or cyclin D1. These cells showed a positive monoclonal band for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. Based on the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological features, the esophageal mass was diagnosed as extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the MALT type.
Antigens, CD20/metabolism ; Bone Marrow/pathology ; Esophageal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Gastroscopy ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane/pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) of frontal origin is rare. The symptoms are unusual and different from that of temporal origin which makes it difficult to be diagnosed. We report two cases with NCSE of frontal origin. The first case was a 17-year-old girl who presented indifference and reduced word fluency, responsiveness, and facial expres-sion daylong with intermittent unresponsiveness and slight rightward eye and head deviations. Confusion was not noted. Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed the recurrent 2 Hz spike-wave ictal discharges on the left frontal area, sometimes spreading to the opposite side. The second case was a 57-year-old woman who had a medically intractable epilepsy. During long-term Video/EEG monitoring, the continuous 2 Hz spike-and-wave complexes were noted on the right hemisphere and the left frontal area. At that time, neurological examination including cognitive functions was normal except for a mild jaw tremor. No confusion was noted. However, she looked depressed, inactive, and affectively indifferent. Intravenous lorazepam injection abolished status EEG activities as well as clinical symptoms. Ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed an increased perfusion in the right frontal lobe. Cortical dysplasia was pathologically diagnosed after a right frontal lobectomy.
Adolescent ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; Head ; Humans ; Jaw ; Lorazepam ; Malformations of Cortical Development ; Middle Aged ; Neurologic Examination ; Perfusion ; Status Epilepticus* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Tremor

Suicidal strangulation by ligature (so-called self-strangulation) is distinctly uncommon. It is distinct from self-suspension in cases of hanging, the latter being a far more common form of suicide. Suicidal strangulation by ligature must be separated from homicidal strangulation by ligature. But clear distinction between the homicidal and suicidal strangulation by ligature is often impossible on the basis of the anatomical findings alone, although fractures of the larynx in suicidal strangulations are distinctly unusual. An accurate evaluation of circumstances, a thorough post-mortem examination, and inspection of the scene are extremely important in such cases. It is equally important to examine the type of noose and knot as well as the number of turns around the neck. We reports three cases of suicidal strangulation by ligature with brief review of literature.
Asphyxia ; Autopsy ; Larynx ; Ligation* ; Neck ; Suicide

One case of the iatrogenic injury of carotid artery is reported. The deceased person was a 54-yearold woman. She visited a local clinic because she had the severe pain on back and neck and the radiating pain of left lower extremity. Under the diagnosis of the herniated cervical disc, the operation was performed. After five hours from starting the operation, respiratory difficulty, facial cyanosis and syncope were found, suddenly. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed, however eventually she died. The autopsy was performed. In the neck, large hematoma at the posterior portion of neck organ and perforation of right carotid artery were noted.
Autopsy* ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Carotid Arteries* ; Cyanosis ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Neck ; Syncope

We reviewed forensic autopsies and scene examinations performed at Central District of National Institute of Scientific Investigation, requested by every kinds of law enforecement agencies in Chungcheong area of Korea during the year of 2004, and analysed the data of forensic autopsies and scene examinations according to the cause of death and the manner of death. The results are as follows ; 1. Scene examination on the spot was performed in 49 cases ; Among these cases, 36 cases(73.5%) were unnatural deaths and the most common cause of death was trauma(20 cases). Autopy was performed in 23 cases(46.9%). 2. The total number of forensic autopsy were 643 cases(437 males and 206 females). The number of the forties(156 cases) and the thirties(114 cases) occupied almost half(42.0%) of all cases of autopsy. 3. Unnatural deaths were 448 cases(69.7%), natural 169 cases(26.3%), and the unknown 26 cases(4.0%). In 448 cases of unnatural deaths, suicide was 133 cases(29.7%), homicide 180 cases(40.2%), accident 86 cases(19.2%), and the undetermined 49 cases(10.9%). Homicide occupied 70.2% of trauma, 65.2% of blunt force injury excluding traffic and fall-down injury, and 83.6% of sharp force injury. The homicide rate in asphyxia was 35.8%. It showed no case of homicide in poisoning. 4. In 448 cases of unnatural deaths, traumatic deaths were 198 cases(44.2%). Blunt trauma was 61 cases(30.8%) and the leading cause of death in traumatic death. Of remaining 250 cases of unnatural deaths, there were 67 cases(14.2%) of asphyxia, 63 cases(14.1%) of thermal injuries, 59 cases(13.2%) of drowning, 49 cases(10.9%) of poisoning, and 10 cases(2.2%) of medical procedures. 5. Among 169 natural deaths, cardiac diseases were 98 cases(56.0%) and the leading cause of death in natural deaths. 29 cases(17.2%) of diseases involving digestive system and 26 cases(15.4%) of disease involving vascular system were followed. 6. Child deaths under the age of 10 were 35 cases. Among these cases, unnatural deaths were 21 cases(60.0%) and most of them were homicide and accident.
Asphyxia ; Autopsy* ; Cause of Death ; Child ; Digestive System ; Drowning ; Heart Diseases ; Homicide ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea* ; Male ; Poisoning ; Suicide